{"id":100146,"date":"2021-07-10T05:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-07-10T03:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.zpravy.pivovary.info\/?p=100146"},"modified":"2025-01-28T14:10:06","modified_gmt":"2025-01-28T13:10:06","slug":"historie-hostincu-staroveka-mezopotamie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/?p=100146","title":{"rendered":"Historie hostinc\u016f \u2013 starov\u011bk\u00e1 Mezopot\u00e1mie"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u00edsto, kde se asi p\u0159ed p\u011bti tis\u00edci lety zrodila civilizace, zahrnuje pom\u011brn\u011b rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed mezi Egyptem a Mezopot\u00e1mi\u00ed; pat\u0159\u00ed do n\u00ed tak\u00e9 oblast syrskopalestinsk\u00e1 a Mal\u00e1 Asie. Jednalo se o oblast velice vhodnou pro zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. Ve chv\u00edli, kdy roln\u00edci zvl\u00e1dli techniku stavby zavla\u017eovac\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, mohli za\u010d\u00edt vyu\u017e\u00edvat k p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed plodin \u00fadol\u00ed velk\u00fdch \u0159ek. Pozd\u011bji zde lid\u00e9 dok\u00e1zali vyp\u011bstovat b\u011bhem roku dv\u011b a\u017e t\u0159i sklizn\u011b, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se otev\u0159ela mo\u017enost u\u017eivit na pol\u00edch nepracuj\u00edc\u00ed \u0159emesln\u00edky, kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed, \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edky a dal\u0161\u00ed skupiny obyvatelstva. Logicky pak n\u00e1sledovaly spole\u010densk\u00e9 zm\u011bny. Vznikala dal\u0161\u00ed \u0159emesla, slu\u017eby, rozr\u016fstal se obchod, zrodila se pot\u0159eba poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed pohostinsk\u00fdch slu\u017eeb.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed p\u00edsemn\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy o pohostinsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z Babyl\u00f3nu.Ve starov\u011bk\u00e9 Mezopot\u00e1mii ji\u017e \u0161enky a pohostinsk\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nechyb\u011bly. Z\u00e1kon\u00edk Chamurapiho z doby kolem r.1750 p\u0159.n.l. hostinskou \u201e\u017eivnost\u201c \u0159e\u0161\u00ed z komer\u010dn\u00edho pohledu (nap\u0159.: \u201e Jestli\u017ee \u0161enk\u00fd\u0159ka nep\u0159ijala p\u0159i koupi opojn\u00e9ho n\u00e1poje obil\u00ed, ale p\u0159ijala st\u0159\u00edbro podle velik\u00e9ho z\u00e1va\u017e\u00ed a sn\u00ed\u017eila hodnotu opojn\u00e9ho n\u00e1poje oproti cen\u011b obil\u00ed, tuto \u0161enk\u00fd\u0159ku usv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed a hod\u00ed do vody.\u201c ), av\u0161ak zmi\u0148uje se mimo jin\u00e9 i o tom, \u017ee \u201e Jestli\u017ee \u0161enk\u00fd\u0159ka, v jej\u00edm\u017e dom\u011b se sch\u00e1zeli zlo\u010dinci, tyto zlo\u010dince nezadr\u017eela a do pal\u00e1ce nep\u0159ivedla, bude tato \u0161enk\u00fd\u0159ka usmrcena.\u201c.<\/p>\n

Je pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee v kr\u010dm\u00e1ch starov\u011bk\u00e9 Mezopot\u00e1mie se \u010dasto pilo pivo. Mezi Babyl\u00f3\u0148any toti\u017e bylo nejv\u00edce obl\u00edben\u00fdm alkoholick\u00fdm n\u00e1pojem pr\u00e1v\u011b pivo, a to ji\u017e kolem let 2 700 p\u0159.n.l. Krom\u011b ostatn\u00edch boh\u016f byl panteon v Babyl\u00f3nu zabydlen i bo\u017estvem pro alkoholick\u00e9 n\u00e1poje. Babyl\u00f3nsk\u00e1 bohyn\u011b piva a je\u010dmene se jmenovala Ishtar-Siduri.<\/p>\n

Pivo bylo vyr\u00e1b\u011bno bez p\u0159\u00eddavku chmele, ho\u0159k\u00e1 chu\u0165 se dod\u00e1vala p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00edm v popelu pra\u017een\u00fdch je\u010dn\u00fdch placek. Pivo se \u010dasto ochucovalo \u0159e\u0159ichou a sezamem. Piva bylo zn\u00e1mo mnoho druh\u016f podle obsahu alkoholu i barvy, n\u011bkter\u00e9 p\u0159ipom\u00ednaly jen m\u00edrn\u011b prokva\u0161en\u00e9 ka\u0161e, jin\u00e9 sp\u00ed\u0161e medovinu, existovalo mlad\u00e9 zelen\u00e9 pivo i siln\u00e9 le\u017e\u00e1ky. Zdej\u0161\u00ed pivo by v\u0161ak s nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edm piva\u0159\u016fm p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nechutnalo.<\/p>\n

Krom\u011b kva\u0161en\u00e9ho n\u00e1poje z obil\u00ed se v hosp\u016fdk\u00e1ch kolem Eufratu a Tigridu pop\u00edjel i sladk\u00fd n\u00e1poj podobn\u00fd v\u00ednu p\u0159ipravovan\u00fd z plod\u016f datlov\u00e9 palmy.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

K j\u00eddlu si host\u00e9 d\u00e1vali p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm placky z je\u010dn\u00e9 a p\u0161eni\u010dn\u00e9 mouky. P\u0159ipravovaly se p\u0159itisknut\u00edm t\u011bsta bu\u010f na st\u011bnu pece, nebo na rozp\u00e1len\u00fd k\u00e1men. Co se t\u00fd\u010de konzumace masa, bylo sp\u00ed\u0161e v\u00fdsadou vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch vrstev a ani tam nebylo na stole rozhodn\u011b ka\u017ed\u00fd den. Olivy se do oblasti roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily a\u017e po v\u00fdboj\u00edch Alexandra Makedonsk\u00e9ho, v p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edm obdob\u00ed poskytoval olej zejm\u00e9na sezam, a to nejen k p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b pokrm\u016f. V Mezopot\u00e1mii dopl\u0148ovaly stravu hlavn\u011b hr\u00e1ch a \u010do\u010dka. V cel\u00e9 oblasti byla zn\u00e1m\u00e1 rovn\u011b\u017e \u0159e\u0159icha, \u010derven\u00e1 \u0159epa, okurka, n\u011bkolik druh\u016f ko\u0159en\u00ed a ovocn\u00e9 stromy. Z t\u011bch bezpochyby nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed byla datlov\u00e1 palma. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd byl i f\u00edkovn\u00edk, pist\u00e1cie, jablko, gran\u00e1tov\u00e9 jablko, t\u0159e\u0161e\u0148 a \u0161vestka. Ovoce nesm\u011blo chyb\u011bt v nab\u00eddce \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9ho hostince. V Mezopot\u00e1mii se ml\u00e9ko p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nepilo a sp\u00ed\u0161e se ve strav\u011b uplatnily v\u00fdrobky z n\u011bj, zejm\u00e9na tvaroh a s\u00fdr.<\/p>\n

Jedlo se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b rukama z m\u00eds. Na n\u00e1poje se pou\u017e\u00edvali hlin\u011bn\u00e9 n\u00e1doby. Pivo se pilo z velk\u00fdch n\u00e1dob st\u00e9bly nebo r\u00e1kosov\u00fdmi rourkami, aby plevy a zrnka neputovaly z n\u00e1poje do \u00fast. Mezopotamsk\u00fd hostinec byl bezpochyby napln\u011bn rozli\u010dn\u00fdmi orient\u00e1ln\u00edmi v\u016fn\u011bmi.
\n
\nNejstar\u0161\u00ed p\u00edsemn\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy z obdob\u00ed kolem 2500 let p\u0159.n.l. uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee v Mezopot\u00e1mii se platilo v\u00e1\u017een\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm st\u0159\u00edbra. Tvar st\u0159\u00edbra nebyl d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd, podstatn\u00e1 byla v\u00e1ha, tedy tehdej\u0161\u00ed hmotnostn\u00edmi jednotka \u2013 tzv.\u0161ekel.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed hostince m\u011bly z\u00e1jezdn\u00ed charakter. Vznikaly kolem cest, po nich\u017e se pohybovaly obchodn\u00ed karavany. Hostinec pak neslou\u017eil jen jako m\u00edsto pro ob\u010derstven\u00ed a odpo\u010dinek, ale i pro setk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed obchodn\u00edk\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed zde dojedn\u00e1vali transakce. Na hostince samoz\u0159ejm\u011b navazovaly i jin\u00e9 slu\u017eby \u2013 pek\u00e1rny, nev\u011bstince apod. N\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bva \u0161enku nebyla pochopiteln\u011b mo\u017en\u00e1 pro v\u0161echny obyvatele, krom\u011b lid\u00ed nesvobodn\u00fdch z\u00e1kon sem zakazoval p\u0159\u00edstup i nap\u0159\u00edklad kn\u011b\u017ek\u00e1m.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u00edsto, kde se asi p\u0159ed p\u011bti tis\u00edci lety zrodila civilizace, zahrnuje pom\u011brn\u011b rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed mezi Egyptem a Mezopot\u00e1mi\u00ed; pat\u0159\u00ed do n\u00ed tak\u00e9 oblast syrskopalestinsk\u00e1 a Mal\u00e1 Asie. Jednalo se o oblast velice vhodnou pro...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":100152,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":24369,"footnotes":""},"categories":[189],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-100146","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/100146","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=100146"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/100146\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/100152"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=100146"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=100146"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=100146"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}