{"id":104875,"date":"2021-09-06T13:40:00","date_gmt":"2021-09-06T11:40:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.zpravy.pivovary.info\/?p=104875"},"modified":"2023-10-30T13:31:21","modified_gmt":"2023-10-30T12:31:21","slug":"sklizen-chmele-na-konci-19-a-v-prvni-polovine-20-stoleti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/?p=104875","title":{"rendered":"Sklize\u0148 chmele na konci 19. a v prvn\u00ed polovin\u011b 20.stolet\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Chmel, kter\u00fd je vedle sladu z\u00e1kladn\u00ed surovinou p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b piva a dod\u00e1v\u00e1 mu typickou v\u016fni a naho\u0159klou chu\u0165 a prodlu\u017euje trvanlivost piva, se na Rakovnicku p\u011bstoval pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b u\u017e ve 13. stolet\u00ed. V roce 2006 se tu chmel skl\u00edzel z plochy 1447 hektar\u016f, co\u017e byla v\u00edce ne\u017e \u010dtvrtina skliz\u0148ov\u00e9 plochy v cel\u00e9 \u010cesk\u00e9 republice.<br \/>\nRakovnicko pat\u0159\u00ed do \u017dateck\u00e9 chmela\u0159sk\u00e9 oblasti (okresy Louny, Rakovn\u00edk, Kladno, Chomutov; 4044 hektar\u016f skliz\u0148ov\u00e9 plochy). Dal\u0161\u00ed oblasti jsou \u00da\u0161t\u011bcko (okresy \u010cesk\u00e1 L\u00edpa, Kutn\u00e1 Hora, Litom\u011b\u0159ice, M\u011bln\u00edk; 668 hektar\u016f) a Tr\u0161ticko (okresy Olomouc, Prost\u011bjov, P\u0159erov; 702 hektar\u016f). Nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed odr\u016fdou chmele je na Rakovnicku i v cel\u00e9m \u010cesku \u017dateck\u00fd poloran\u00fd \u010derve\u0148\u00e1k (t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 5,5 tis\u00edce hektaru skliz\u0148ov\u00e9 plochy). \u017dateck\u00fd chmel pat\u0159\u00ed k nejkvalitn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm na sv\u011bt\u011b a je v\u0161eobecn\u011b pova\u017eov\u00e1n za standard kvality chmele.<br \/>\n<br \/>\nP\u016fvodn\u011b se chmel skl\u00edzel pouze ru\u010dn\u011b (jen v \u017eateck\u00e9 oblasti pracovalo ve sklizn\u00edch v letech 1848-1918 a\u017e 140 tis\u00edc \u010des\u00e1\u010d\u016f; po\u010det \u010des\u00e1\u010d\u016f v oblasti dne\u0161n\u00edho Rakovnicka dos\u00e1hl v n\u011bkter\u00fdch letech po roce 1945 a\u017e t\u0159iceti tis\u00edc), b\u011bhem minul\u00e9ho p\u016flstolet\u00ed v\u0161ak manu\u00e1ln\u00ed trh\u00e1n\u00ed chmelov\u00fdch hl\u00e1vek postupn\u011b nahradily strojn\u00ed \u010desa\u010dky, pod\u00edl ru\u010dn\u00edho \u010des\u00e1n\u00ed je v sou\u010dasnosti jen minim\u00e1ln\u00ed. Zaveden\u00ed strojn\u00edho \u010des\u00e1n\u00ed sice na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b p\u0159ineslo obrovskou \u00fasporu pracovn\u00edch sil i dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdhody, ubralo v\u0161ak sklizni, obecn\u011b zvan\u00e9 \u201echmele\u201c, mnoho z jej\u00edho zcela osobit\u00e9ho p\u016fvabu.<\/p>\n<p>Jestli\u017ee nap\u0159\u00edklad v publikaci o Rakovnicku z roku 1946 se o sklizni p\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee \u201ed\u00edky stovk\u00e1m lid\u00ed, kter\u00e9 sem p\u0159ijely skl\u00edzet zelen\u00e9 zlato se r\u00e1z vesnice tak\u0159ka p\u0159es noc zm\u011bn\u00ed,\u201c a \u017ee \u201ep\u0159es den oz\u00fdv\u00e1 se z chmelnic sm\u00edch a zp\u011bv, kter\u00fdm \u010des\u00e1\u010di doprov\u00e1zej\u00ed svoji pr\u00e1ci a ve\u010der pak o\u017eije vesnice, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b mlad\u00fdmi a je veselo a\u017e do noci,\u201c pak chmele dne\u0161n\u00edch dn\u016f jsou o mnoho, mnoho prost\u0161\u00ed. M\u00edsto zp\u011bvu ve dne v noci nem\u011bnn\u00fd hukot strojn\u00edch \u010desa\u010dek a lomoz traktor\u016f, kter\u00e9 k nim sv\u00e1\u017e\u00ed z pole chmelov\u00e9 rostliny a r\u00e1z vesnice sotva z\u010de\u0159\u00ed, nato\u017e zm\u011bn\u00ed nejv\u00fd\u0161 n\u011bkolik des\u00edtek brig\u00e1dn\u00edk\u016f zam\u011bstnan\u00fdch obsluhou \u010desa\u010dek, p\u0159i strh\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed chmelov\u00fdch rostlin a dal\u0161\u00edch prac\u00edch.<\/p>\n<p>I dne\u0161n\u00ed chmele maj\u00ed sv\u016fj p\u016fvab, chcete-li v\u0161ak poznat opravdov\u00e9 kouzlo chmel\u016f, mus\u00edte za n\u00edm do minulosti. Vra\u0165me se tedy o n\u011bkolik desetilet\u00ed zp\u011bt, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b na konec 19. a prvn\u00ed poloviny 20. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/wp-content\/gallery\/galerie-pivni\/chmel.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"ngg-singlepicngg-center\"><\/p>\n<p>Sklizni chmele se \u0159\u00edkalo a dosud \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 \u010des\u00e1n\u00ed podle charakteristick\u00e9ho zp\u016fsobu trh\u00e1n\u00ed hl\u00e1vek, p\u0159i n\u011bm\u017e se chmelov\u00e1 rostlina (\u0161tok) odshora dol\u016f jako by pro\u010des\u00e1v\u00e1. Ru\u010dn\u00ed \u010des\u00e1n\u00ed chmele nebyla t\u011b\u017ek\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce, ale tak\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 slast. \u201eRuce po\u0161kr\u00e1ban\u00e9 od chmeliny p\u00e1l\u00ed, p\u0159ikusuje\u0161-li chleba o sva\u010din\u011b p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci, je ho\u0159k\u00fd od chmelov\u00e9 mou\u010dky a m\u00e1\u0161-li od \u010des\u00e1n\u00ed rozpukan\u00e9 prsty a palce, p\u00e1l\u00ed a bol\u00ed a\u017e a\u017e, bol\u00ed z\u00e1da i ta zadn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st t\u011bla, a ty m\u0161ice a slun\u00ed\u010dka, kter\u00fdmi se chmel jen hem\u017e\u00ed, lezou po rukou, krku a kou\u0161ou protivn\u011b,\u201c \u010dteme ve vzpom\u00ednk\u00e1ch Celest\u00fdna Brabce z Nouzova, kter\u00e9 sepsal v roce 1952.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud po\u010das\u00ed dovolilo, \u010desalo se 10 a\u017e 12, n\u011bkdy i 15 hodin, \u010dasto se v\u0161ak pracovn\u00ed doba \u010des\u00e1\u010d\u016f popisuje pouze jako \u201eod sv\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed do setm\u011bn\u00ed\u201c. M\u00edrou p\u0159i sklizni byla \u010dtvrtka neboli v\u011brtel (30 litr\u016f) a \u010des\u00e1\u010di b\u011bhem dne pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b trhali osm a\u017e deset, zdatn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed patn\u00e1ct, v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b a\u017e dvacet v\u011brtel\u016f hl\u00e1vek (z kopy, tedy \u0161edes\u00e1ti chmelov\u00fdch rostlin neboli \u0161tok\u016f bylo v pr\u016fm\u011bru 10-20, p\u0159i bohat\u00e9 \u00farod\u011b i \u010dty\u0159icet v\u011brtel\u016f hl\u00e1vek). S chmelem, kter\u00fd obvykle h\u00e1zeli do velk\u00fdch ko\u0161\u016f a n\u016f\u0161\u00ed, chodili \u010des\u00e1\u010di k m\u00ed\u0159e, kde za ka\u017ed\u00fd nasypan\u00fd v\u011brtel obdr\u017eeli takzvanou zn\u00e1mku (pl\u00ed\u0161ek, chmelovku; pou\u017e\u00edvaly se od posledn\u00ed t\u0159etiny 19. stolet\u00ed a zanikly se strojn\u00edm \u010des\u00e1n\u00edm), kovov\u00fd (pozd\u011bji i pap\u00edrov\u00fd nebo um\u011blohmotn\u00fd), obvykle kulat\u00fd \u017eeton s vyra\u017een\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem hospod\u00e1\u0159e a obce (b\u00fdvalo zvykem prvn\u00ed zn\u00e1mku poplivat, aby jich hodn\u011b p\u0159ib\u00fdvalo). Podle po\u010dtu zn\u00e1mek pak \u010des\u00e1\u010di dost\u00e1vali mzdu. Z chmelnic se chmel vozil v \u017eoc\u00edch (c\u00edch\u00e1ch) k usu\u0161en\u00ed. Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku se chmel su\u0161il na slunci nebo p\u016fd\u00e1ch, od konce 19. stolet\u00ed v um\u011ble vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00fdch su\u0161\u00e1rn\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p>N\u011bkde sklize\u0148 za\u010d\u00ednala u\u017e za\u010d\u00e1tkem srpna, v\u011bt\u0161inou v\u0161ak kolem 15. srpna, a trvala obvykle deset a\u017e \u010dtrn\u00e1ct dn\u016f, v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b d\u00e9le. Aby hospod\u00e1\u0159 sklidil chmel v pom\u011brn\u011b kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 dob\u011b, kdy byl nejhodnotn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, a tud\u00ed\u017e mohl po\u010d\u00edtat p\u0159i jeho prodeji s nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed cenou, pot\u0159eboval velk\u00fd po\u010det pracovn\u00edch sil, kter\u00e9 m\u00edstn\u00ed zdroje nemohly poskytnout. Proto na v\u00fdpomoc p\u0159ij\u00edmal s\u00edly odjinud, nap\u0159\u00edklad v roce 1918 pom\u00e1halo v tehdej\u0161\u00edm rakovnick\u00e9m okrese (podstatn\u011b men\u0161\u00edm ne\u017e dnes, jeho sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b nebylo Jesenicko, Novostra\u0161ecko ani K\u0159ivokl\u00e1tsko) 12259 \u010des\u00e1\u010d\u016f z jin\u00fdch okres\u016f, hlavn\u011b ze st\u0159edn\u00edch a ji\u017en\u00edch \u010cech, m\u00e9n\u011b ze z\u00e1padn\u00edch a severn\u00edch \u010cech a n\u011bkolik z n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho Saska. Nejv\u00edce ciz\u00edch \u010des\u00e1\u010d\u016f pom\u00e1halo v Kn\u011b\u017eevsi (3100), Mut\u011bjovic\u00edch (1395) a Milost\u00edn\u011b (1228). Kolem roku 1900 pr\u00fd v Kn\u011b\u017eevsi skl\u00edzelo chmel okolo 5000 m\u00edstn\u00edch i ciz\u00edch \u010des\u00e1\u010d\u016f, co\u017e byl v\u00edce ne\u017e trojn\u00e1sobek tehdej\u0161\u00edho po\u010dtu st\u00e1l\u00fdch obyvatel m\u011bstyse.<\/p>\n<p>Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159i (chmela\u0159stv\u00ed se tu koncem 19. stolet\u00ed v\u011bnovalo zhruba 80 roln\u00edk\u016f), zam\u011bstn\u00e1vali \u00fadajn\u011b t\u0159i sta a\u017e \u0161est set lid\u00ed! \u010ces\u00e1\u010di z ciz\u00edch okres\u016f p\u0159ich\u00e1zeli obvykle ve skupin\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 vodil takzvan\u00fd par\u0165\u00e1k. Ten byl prost\u0159edn\u00edkem mezi skupinou a hospod\u00e1\u0159em, domlouval pr\u00e1ci, ubytov\u00e1n\u00ed i stravov\u00e1n\u00ed. Ciz\u00ed \u010des\u00e1\u010di, mezi nimi\u017e b\u00fdvaly i cel\u00e9 rozv\u011btven\u00e9 rodiny v\u010detn\u011b d\u011bt\u00ed, oby\u010dejn\u011b pracovali ka\u017ed\u00fd rok u t\u00e9ho\u017e hospod\u00e1\u0159e \u2013 pokud tedy hospod\u00e1\u0159 byl spokojen\u00fd s jejich prac\u00ed a naopak \u010des\u00e1\u010di se zach\u00e1zen\u00edm v tom kter\u00e9m statku.<\/p>\n <script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- zpravy -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-5694300196982120\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"3541247592\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\n<p>\u017divotn\u00ed podm\u00ednky ciz\u00edch \u010des\u00e1\u010d\u016f b\u00fdvaly dobr\u00e9 i \u0161patn\u00e9, v\u017edy z\u00e1le\u017eelo, jak\u00fd byl hospod\u00e1\u0159, u kter\u00e9ho pracovali. Sp\u00e1vali na mlatech stodol jen tak na sl\u00e1m\u011b, po p\u016fd\u00e1ch, su\u0161\u00e1rn\u00e1ch nebo ve star\u00fdch st\u00e1j\u00edch. K j\u00eddlu dost\u00e1vali bu\u010f hotovou stravu nebo suroviny, ze kter\u00fdch si j\u00eddlo sami p\u0159ipravovali. J\u00eddla neb\u00fdvalo mnoho, n\u011bkdy jen k\u00e1va ke sn\u00eddani, p\u0159es den kus such\u00e9ho chleba a ve\u010der trochu pol\u00e9vky. Zat\u00edmco p\u0159es den b\u00fdvalo ve vs\u00edch jako po vym\u0159en\u00ed \u201ea jen vozy napln\u011bn\u00e9 \u017eoky s chmelem kol\u00e9baly se po cest\u00e1ch do statk\u016f,\u201c jak l\u00ed\u010d\u00ed Franti\u0161ka Pavlovsk\u00e1 ve vzpom\u00ednk\u00e1ch na sklizn\u011b v Mut\u011bjovic\u00edch kolem roku 1910, ve\u010dery byly ru\u0161n\u00e9. \u201eNa dvo\u0159e, v k\u016fln\u00e1ch nebo v komor\u00e1ch bylo plno pr\u00e1ce. \u010ces\u00e1\u010di p\u0159ipravovali si ve\u010de\u0159i a hned tak\u00e9 sn\u00eddani, aby mohli r\u00e1no brzy j\u00edti na chmelnice. Po ve\u010de\u0159i sed\u011bli na dvo\u0159e neb na n\u00e1vsi a zp\u00edvali dlouho do noci.\u201c A r\u00e1no, jen se rozednilo, u\u017e zase posp\u00edchali \u010desat.<\/p>\n<p>Dokud se chmel p\u011bstoval na ty\u010dkovk\u00e1ch, p\u0159edch\u016fdc\u00edch dne\u0161n\u00edch &#8222;dr\u00e1t\u011bnek&#8220;, obvykle se ne\u010desal p\u0159\u00edmo na chmelnic\u00edch, ale vozil se k otrh\u00e1n\u00ed do statk\u016f. Sklize\u0148 p\u0159\u00edlepsk\u00e9 ty\u010dovky popsal spisovatel Karel Mejst\u0159\u00edk (1902-1994) v rom\u00e1nu Na p\u0159\u00edlepsk\u00e9m b\u011blidle z roku 1934: \u201eU\u017e ve \u010dty\u0159i hodiny r\u00e1no se chmelnice oz\u00fdvala hlukem. Pod\u0159ez\u00e1vali chmelinu, h\u00e1kem nadzvedali ty\u010de, jin\u00ed je vytahovali z d\u011br, stahovali \u0161tok, nad\u011blali ot\u00fdpky, nakl\u00e1dali na v\u016fz a vozili do stodol, kde je brali na hlavu a ukl\u00e1dali dozadu, aby mlat z\u016fstal voln\u00fd pro \u010des\u00e1n\u00ed. \u2026 Kolem dokola mlatu byly lavice z prken, kde m\u011bl ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010des\u00e1\u010d sv\u00e9 m\u00edsto. \u0160el si pro ot\u00fdpku, vybral si tu nejlep\u0161\u00ed, p\u0159inesl si ji, rozbalil na rovno a srpem roz\u0159ezal ka\u017ed\u00fd \u0161tok na \u010dty\u0159i, p\u011bt kus\u016f a nakladl si je za sebe. Pak si k tomu sedl, \u010desal a chmelinu h\u00e1zel za sebe.\u201c<br \/>\n<br \/>\nNa z\u00e1v\u011br sklizn\u011b slavila se do\u010desn\u00e1. \u201eKdy\u017e se jede pro posledn\u00ed chmel, d\u00e1 hospod\u00e1\u0159 \u010des\u00e1\u010d\u016fm n\u011bkolik lahv\u00ed oby\u010dejn\u00e9 ko\u0159alky. Na chmelnici se vystav\u00ed p\u011bkn\u00e1 ty\u010d s chmelem, nahoru se p\u0159iv\u00e1\u017ee barevn\u00fd \u0161\u00e1tek. Chmel se nalo\u017e\u00ed, na voze se vzty\u010d\u00ed ty\u010d s f\u00e1borem, po p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se nalo\u017e\u00ed i n\u011bkolik \u010des\u00e1\u010d\u016f, a veze se v\u0161e za velik\u00e9ho j\u00e1sotu dom\u016f, kde se chmel za rozja\u0159en\u00fdch mysl\u00ed do\u010des\u00e1. Hospodyn\u011b d\u00e1 k ve\u010deru ka\u017ed\u00e9mu \u010des\u00e1\u010di po kol\u00e1\u010di; fla\u0161inet zahraje a chasa si zatan\u010d\u00ed,\u201c popsal do\u010desnou na Rakovnicku etnograf \u010cen\u011bk Z\u00edbrt v knize Vesel\u00e9 chv\u00edle lidu \u010desk\u00e9ho z roku 1909.<br \/>\nPodobn\u00e1 b\u00fdvala na p\u0159elomu 19. a 20. stolet\u00ed do\u010desn\u00e1 na r\u016fzn\u00fdch m\u00edstech Rakovnicka, nap\u0159\u00edklad v Mut\u011bjovic\u00edch se chodilo ze chmelnice za praporem ozdoben\u00fdm chmelovou kytic\u00ed, kter\u00fd nesl jeden z \u010des\u00e1\u010d\u016f. Za n\u00edm \u0161el harmonik\u00e1\u0159 a pak ostatn\u00ed \u010des\u00e1\u010di. Ve statku postavili prapor doprost\u0159ed dvora a po ve\u010de\u0159i tancovali.<\/p>\n<p><b>P\u0159ipravil: Roman Hartl<\/b><br \/>\nzdroj: www.mikroregion.net\/rakovnicko<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chmel, kter\u00fd je vedle sladu z\u00e1kladn\u00ed surovinou p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b piva a dod\u00e1v\u00e1 mu typickou v\u016fni a naho\u0159klou chu\u0165 a prodlu\u017euje trvanlivost piva, se na Rakovnicku p\u011bstoval pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b u\u017e ve 13. stolet\u00ed. V roce 2006&#46;&#46;&#46;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":104883,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":25030,"footnotes":""},"categories":[189],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-104875","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/104875","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=104875"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/104875\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/104883"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=104875"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=104875"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=104875"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}