Hospoda, hostinec, pohostinstv\u00ed, \u0161enk, kr\u010dma, knajpa, putyka, restaurace je mnoho synonym pro velice obl\u00edben\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed mnoh\u00fdch \u010cech\u016f. A\u010d jsou tyto v\u00fdrazy por\u016fznu zabarveny \u2013 od stroze definuj\u00edc\u00edch, a\u017e po hanliv\u011b zn\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed \u2013 znamenaj\u00ed st\u00e1le tut\u00e9\u017e instituci. M\u00edsto, kam chod\u00edme s p\u0159\u00e1teli, kamar\u00e1dy, spolupracovn\u00edky nebo jen sami za dobr\u00fdm j\u00eddlem \u010di osv\u011b\u017euj\u00edc\u00edm pivem.<\/p>\n
Snad nej\u010detn\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm ozna\u010den\u00edm t\u011bchto \u00fatulk\u016f dobr\u00e9 pohody je typicky \u010desk\u00e9 slovo \u2013 hospoda. Av\u0161ak tento term\u00edn neznamenal v\u017edy jen prostory poskytuj\u00edc\u00ed pohostinsk\u00e9 slu\u017eby. V \u010desk\u00e9 minulosti slovo „hospoda\u201c bylo pojmenov\u00e1n\u00edm p\u00e1na domu nebo pan\u00ed domu, pak dom\u00e1cnost, souhrn rodiny s \u010deled\u00ed. Vyvinulo se patrn\u011b ze staro\u010desk\u00e9ho osloven\u00ed \u2013 \u201egospodja\u201c, srovnateln\u00fdm s dne\u0161n\u00edm \u201epane\u201c. Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznam slova vznikl ze vztahu hosta (p\u0159\u00edchoz\u00edho cizince) k p\u00e1nu a pan\u00ed domu. \u010clov\u011bk, kter\u00fd vyu\u017e\u00edval pohostinstv\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad na statku, oslovoval sv\u00e9 hostitele slovy \u201ehospodo\u201c.<\/p>\n\n
S v\u00fdvojem spole\u010dnosti a jazyka se z hospody stal hospod\u00e1\u0159 a hospodyn\u011b, n\u00e1zev hospoda se za\u010dal pou\u017e\u00edvat pro za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ur\u010den\u00e9 pro ubytov\u00e1n\u00ed za poplatek, posl\u00e9ze u\u017e jen pro d\u016fm nab\u00edzej\u00edc\u00ed ob\u010derstven\u00ed. Na p\u016fvodn\u00ed v\u00fdznam slova si snad vzpomeneme, kdy\u017e oslov\u00edme hostinsk\u00e9ho pon\u011bkud nevyb\u00edrav\u011b: „Hospodo, plat\u00edm!“<\/p>\n
Slovo \u201egospod\u201c vzniklo patrn\u011b mezi star\u00fdmi Slovany spojen\u00edm term\u00ednu ghosti (host) a potis (p\u00e1n). Znamenalo tedy asi \u201ep\u00e1n host\u016f\u201c. M\u016f\u017eeme se pouze dohadovat, zda-li slovo hospoda m\u00e1 starov\u011bk\u00fd p\u016fvod ve slov\u011b hospitium (z lat. pohostinstv\u00ed, p\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 p\u0159ijet\u00ed, hostinec) . S t\u00edmt\u00e9\u017e latinsk\u00fdm z\u00e1kladem souvis\u00ed n\u00e1zev ubytovac\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u201ehotel\u201c. Dostal se k n\u00e1m a\u017e prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm francouz\u0161tiny, poch\u00e1z\u00ed v\u0161ak ze st\u0159edolatinsk\u00e9ho \u201ehospitale\u201c (m\u00edstnost pro hosty).<\/p>\n
A\u010d v sou\u010dasnosti je n\u00e1zev hospoda \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n pro kvalitn\u00ed restaurace, op\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed se o staro\u010desk\u00e9 tradice a sna\u017e\u00edc\u00ed se o vytvo\u0159en\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ry star\u00e9 vesnick\u00e9 pohody, jak tradi\u010dn\u00edmi j\u00eddly, tak za\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdmi interi\u00e9ry, p\u0159esto je toho slova p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b pou\u017eito v hanliv\u00e9m smyslu. Slovem hospoda je dnes mnohdy nepr\u00e1vem pojmenov\u00e1no restaura\u010dn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b, ur\u010den\u00e9 zejm\u00e9na pro po\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed alkoholu, postaru \u010di lidov\u011b naz\u00fdv\u00e1no \u201etrojka\u201c a \u201e\u010dty\u0159ka\u201c, n\u011bkdy \u201en\u00e1levna\u201c.<\/p>\n
Uv\u011bdomme si, \u017ee opravdu velice rozd\u00edln\u011b zn\u00ed, kdy\u017e sv\u00e9 partnerce sd\u011bl\u00edte: \u201c Jdeme do hospody.\u201c nebo \u201eJdeme do restaurace.\u201c Ur\u010dit\u011b jste tak\u00e9 n\u011bkdy sly\u0161eli z \u00fast, jinak tak n\u011b\u017en\u00fdch, v\u00fdhru\u017en\u011b zn\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed ot\u00e1zku: \u201e Ty jsi byl zase v hospod\u011b ?\u201c.<\/p>\n
Dal\u0161\u00ed velice \u010dast\u00fdm term\u00ednem je slovo – hostinec. Ve slov\u011b hostinec c\u00edt\u00edme, \u017ee jde o trochu jin\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ne\u017e hospoda nebo pivnice. Jakoby tam \u0161lo o n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho, kvalitativn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00edho.
\nStaroslovansk\u00e9 slovo \u201eghost\u201c nebo starogerm\u00e1nsk\u00fd term\u00edn \u201egastiz\u201c (pozd\u011bji n\u011bm.Gast, ang. guest) jsou velice pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b praz\u00e1klady dne\u0161n\u00edho ozna\u010den\u00ed hostinec. Tenkr\u00e1te ta slova znamenala ozna\u010den\u00ed cizince. Posl\u00e9ze za\u010dalo b\u00fdt pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed hostinec pro d\u016fm pro cizince, hosty, hostinn\u00fd d\u016fm.<\/p>\n
Hostinec ozna\u010doval m\u00edsto, kde se host\u016fm poskytoval placen\u00fd nocleh. Cizinci zde mohli nocovat, byly tu tak\u00e9 st\u00e1je pro kon\u011b a m\u00edsto pro vozy. Kr\u010dma byla ur\u010dena pouze ke stravov\u00e1n\u00ed a uha\u0161en\u00ed \u017e\u00edzn\u011b. Na Slovensku se jm\u00e9no \u201ehostinec\u201c dosud vyskytuje jako n\u00e1zev samot nebo \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed obce, kde d\u0159\u00edve takov\u00fd z\u00e1jezdn\u00ed hostinec st\u00e1val.<\/p>\n
\u201eRestaurace\u201c je p\u016fvodn\u011b latinsk\u00e9 slovo, znamenaj\u00edc\u00ed znovuobnoven\u00ed \u010di uveden\u00ed do p\u016fvodn\u00edho stavu. Ale my ho zn\u00e1me jako m\u00edsto, kde je mo\u017en\u00e9 se nasytit a napojit.<\/p>\n
Tak jako v jin\u00fdch oblastech lidsk\u00e9ho konan\u00ed v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch, tak\u00e9 oblast pohostinstv\u00ed byla v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovlivn\u011bna n\u011bmeck\u00fdm (\u010di germ\u00e1nsk\u00fdm) vlivem. Germanismus je obecn\u00e9 pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed pro slova p\u0159ejat\u00e1 na\u0161imi p\u0159edky z n\u011bm\u010diny, kter\u00e1 zde zako\u0159enila a tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed se jako \u010desk\u00e1. Tak se v pohostinsk\u00fdch slu\u017eb\u00e1ch setk\u00e1me nap\u0159\u00edklad s term\u00edny: \u0161enkovat, \u0161enkovna, \u0161enk\u00fd\u0159, \u0161enk\u00fd\u0159ka, knajpa, kr\u010dma, kr\u010dm\u00e1\u0159, lok\u00e1l, pajzl.<\/p>\n
V n\u011bm\u010din\u011b nalezneme lingvistick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9: die Kneipe, die Butike, der Schank, der Kretscham. V\u00fdznamy slov se rovnaj\u00ed \u010desk\u00fdm.<\/p>\n
Ze staro\u010desk\u00e9ho slovn\u00edku se dozv\u00edd\u00e1me, \u017ee \u201e\u0161enk\u201c je p\u016fvodn\u011b \u010d\u00ed\u0161n\u00edk (u dvora), vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed dvorn\u00ed hodnost\u00e1\u0159 maj\u00edc\u00ed dozor nad n\u00e1poji. \u201e\u0160enkov\u00e1nie\u201c znamen\u00e1 \u0161enkov\u00e1n\u00ed, \u010depov\u00e1n\u00ed, nal\u00e9v\u00e1n\u00ed. \u201e\u0160enkov\u00fd\u201c je mistr v\u00fd\u010depn\u00ed, \u201e\u0161enkty\u0161\u201c je n\u00e1levn\u00ed st\u016fl. \u201eKr\u010demn\u00edk\u201c je jm\u00e9no pro toho, kdo vysed\u00e1v\u00e1 v kr\u010dm\u011b, v hospod\u011b. \u201eKr\u010demn\u00fd\u201c je hospodsk\u00fd; pob\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dasto v kr\u010dm\u011b; \u201ekr\u010demn\u00e1\u201c p\u0159\u00edhoda je ta, kter\u00e1 se odehr\u00e1v\u00e1 v kr\u010dm\u011b.<\/p>\n
Ka\u017ed\u00fd n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edk restaura\u010dn\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se bezpochyby setkal s pojmem \u201ed\u00fd\u0161ko\u201c. Chceme-li b\u00fdt \u010de\u0161tin\u00e1\u0159sky spisovn\u00ed, pou\u017eijeme slovo \u201cspropitn\u00e9\u201c. D\u00fd\u0161ko je zkr\u00e1cen\u00fd tvar slova di\u0161krece se stejn\u00fdm v\u00fdznamem. Di\u0161krece k n\u00e1m p\u0159e\u0161la z n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho Diskretion (diskr\u00e9tnost, ml\u010denlivost). Z p\u0159ekladu plyne, \u017ee \u201edi\u0161krece\u201c byla v minulosti odm\u011bna za diskr\u00e9tnost \u010di ml\u010denlivost. Prap\u016fvod slova najdeme v latinsk\u00e9m \u201ediscretus\u201c – odd\u011blen\u00fd.<\/p>\n
Pozn.: Ilustra\u010dn\u00ed sn\u00edmek poch\u00e1z\u00ed z archivu Filipa Vr\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Hospoda, hostinec, pohostinstv\u00ed, \u0161enk, kr\u010dma, knajpa, putyka, restaurace je mnoho synonym pro velice obl\u00edben\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed mnoh\u00fdch \u010cech\u016f. A\u010d jsou tyto v\u00fdrazy por\u016fznu zabarveny \u2013 od stroze definuj\u00edc\u00edch, a\u017e po hanliv\u011b zn\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed \u2013 znamenaj\u00ed st\u00e1le...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":44405,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[189],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-44403","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/44403","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=44403"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/44403\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/44405"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=44403"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=44403"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=44403"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}