{"id":44666,"date":"2018-06-19T04:00:20","date_gmt":"2018-06-19T02:00:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.zpravy.pivovary.info\/?p=44666"},"modified":"2025-01-20T10:07:19","modified_gmt":"2025-01-20T09:07:19","slug":"historie-hostincu-zabava-ve-stredovekych-krcmach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/?p=44666","title":{"rendered":"Historie hostinc\u016f \u2013 z\u00e1bava ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch kr\u010dm\u00e1ch"},"content":{"rendered":"

St\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 kr\u010dmy neplnily pouze roli ob\u010derstvovac\u00edch a stravovac\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, ale lid\u00e9 sem chod\u00edvali tak\u00e9 z d\u016fvodu spole\u010densk\u00e9ho setk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a z\u00e1bavy.<\/p>\n

Ji\u017e od dob starov\u011bk\u00fdch se osazenstvo hostinc\u016f, mnohdy posiln\u011bn\u00e9 alkoholem, \u010dasto uchylovalo k r\u016fzn\u00fdm hr\u00e1m, v\u011bt\u0161inou v jejich hazardn\u00ed form\u011b, tzn. o pen\u00edze.<\/p>\n\n

<\/p>\n

Snad ji\u017e od vzniku lidstva byly ke hr\u00e1m pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny kostky. Jak jejich n\u00e1zev napov\u00edd\u00e1, jednalo se nejprve o \u010d\u00e1sti kost\u00ed \u010di drobn\u00e9 k\u016fstky, kter\u00e9 se pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaly k v\u011b\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed nebo k losov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pozd\u011bji se k\u016fstky za\u010daly dopl\u0148ovat z\u00e1\u0159ezy a jak jsme zvykl\u00ed u dne\u0161n\u00ed formy kostek i punt\u00edky \u010di jin\u00fdm po\u010detn\u00edm ozna\u010den\u00edm. T\u00edm se jejich funkce zm\u011bnila. Za\u010daly slou\u017eit k losu n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch \u010d\u00edsel. Pou\u017e\u00edvaly se jak samostatn\u011b (hra v kostky), tak jako sou\u010d\u00e1st jin\u00fdch, zejm\u00e9na deskov\u00fdch her. Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku m\u011bly kostky r\u016fzn\u00e9 geometrick\u00e9 tvary, a\u017e ve st\u0159edov\u011bku se postupn\u011b za\u010daly pou\u017e\u00edvat kostky ve form\u011b takov\u00e9, jak je zn\u00e1me dnes, tedy kubick\u00e9 kostky.<\/p>\n

Kostky jsou jednou z nej\u010dast\u011bji hran\u00fdch her ve st\u0159edov\u011bku. \u0160lo o nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed formu hry \u2013 o \u00fasp\u011bchu zde v\u011bt\u0161inou rozhodovalo jen \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed a nen\u00ed k n\u00ed pot\u0159eba \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9ho strategick\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed. D\u00edky sv\u00e9 jednoduchosti kostky pronikly i do nejni\u017e\u0161\u00edch vrstev, kde byly velmi obl\u00edben\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Vrhc\u00e1by (Backgammon, Wurfzabel) nebo nespr\u00e1vn\u011b vrchc\u00e1by, je star\u00e1 deskov\u00e1 hra pro dva hr\u00e1\u010de. Slovo vrhc\u00e1b vzniklo p\u0159elo\u017een\u00edm n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho slova Wurf (vrh) a po\u010de\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm slova Zabel (pon\u011bm\u010den\u00e9 latinsk\u00e9 slovo tabula \u2013 deska). P\u016fvod hry sah\u00e1 a\u017e ke star\u00fdm Sumer\u016fm 5 000 let p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem. Vrhc\u00e1by se hr\u00e1ly v \u0158ecku a \u0158\u00edm\u011b a do cel\u00e9 Evropy se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily ve st\u0159edov\u011bku. Ve h\u0159e nez\u00e1le\u017eelo pouze na \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed p\u0159i hodu kostek, ale i na taktick\u00e9 dovednosti hr\u00e1\u010de. Hr\u00e1lo se na desce zvan\u00e9 „vrchc\u00e1bnice“, ka\u017ed\u00fd z hr\u00e1\u010d\u016f m\u011bl dv\u011b kostky a patn\u00e1ct kamen\u016f, kter\u00e9 posunoval po hrac\u00ed desce.<\/p>\n

Hazardn\u00ed hry s kostkami p\u0159itahovaly pochopiteln\u011b fale\u0161n\u00e9 hr\u00e1\u010de, kte\u0159\u00ed se sna\u017eili o\u0161idit co nejv\u00edce d\u016fv\u011b\u0159ivc\u016f. Hlavn\u011b d\u00edky nim se kostky staly nejen nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 neodsuzovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hrou. Pok\u0159iven\u00e1 kostka byla zn\u00e1m\u00e1 u\u017e v prehistorick\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch. Nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed formou \u00fapravy bylo vybrou\u0161en\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti okraje, tak\u017ee kostka se kut\u00e1lela s ur\u010ditou odchylkou. Druh\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem bylo zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed jedn\u00e9 strany kostky.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed velice obl\u00edbenou hazardn\u00ed hrou ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch kr\u010dm\u00e1ch byly karty. P\u016fvod karet pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b sah\u00e1 do star\u00e9 \u010c\u00edny kolem roku 1 000 n.l. Do Evropy se snad dostaly d\u00edky k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ck\u00e9mu ta\u017een\u00ed. Z\u00e1znamy o kart\u00e1ch v Evrop\u011b existuj\u00ed ji\u017e z p\u0159elomu 13.a 14.stolet\u00ed. (Italsk\u00e9 taroky jsou zmi\u0148ov\u00e1ny ji\u017e v roce 1299 a Jana Brabantsk\u00e1 se zmi\u0148uje o kart\u00e1ch v Nizozem\u00ed v roce 1379.)<\/p>\n

Karty si vydobyly velkou popularitu a staly se sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed spole\u010densk\u00e9ho \u017eivota v\u0161ech soci\u00e1ln\u00edch vrstev. Samotn\u00fd pojem karta bychom mohli odvodit od term\u00edn\u016f ze st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch slovn\u00edk\u016f jako chartae, cartae, nebo charticelae. Tyto pojmy se p\u016fvodn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaly jako n\u00e1zev pro psac\u00ed pap\u00edr vyroben\u00fd z papyru a pozd\u011bji se toto ozna\u010den\u00ed p\u0159eneslo na hrac\u00ed karty.<\/p>\n

V \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch dos\u00e1hly karty prav\u00e9ho rozmachu v dob\u011b po husitsk\u00e9 revoluci, kdy se lid\u00e9 za\u010d\u00ednali navracet zp\u011bt ke sv\u011btsk\u00fdm z\u00e1bav\u00e1m. Na konci 15. stolet\u00ed byly karty roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eny ve v\u0161ech vrstv\u00e1ch obyvatelstva – od kr\u00e1le p\u0159es \u0161lechtu a\u017e po m\u011bstsk\u00e9 \u010di venkovsk\u00e9 kr\u010dmy. Kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed se proti kart\u00e1m ost\u0159e stav\u011bli, a to jak katoli\u010dt\u00ed tak i utrakvisti\u010dt\u00ed. Her existovalo n\u011bkolik: „flus“ (c\u00edlem bylo sestaven\u00ed \u0159ady karet jdouc\u00edch po sob\u011b), „trumfa“ (vyhr\u00e1val ten, kdo m\u011bl kr\u00e1le), „lancknecht“, „mal\u00e1 prima“ atd.<\/p>\n

Kostky, vrhc\u00e1by, karty byly nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zejm\u00e9na mezi ni\u017e\u0161\u00edmi vrstvami, hr\u00e1ly se ve venkovsk\u00fdch kr\u010dm\u00e1ch, hostinc\u00edch pro chud\u00e9 pocestn\u00e9, \u0161enc\u00edch na pokraji m\u011bst. V pohostinsk\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch, kam m\u00ed\u0159ili \u0161lechtici \u010di c\u00edrkevn\u00ed hodnost\u00e1\u0159i, tedy urozen\u00e9 panstvo, se \u010dasto hr\u00e1valy \u0161achy.<\/p>\n

\u0160achy (resp. \u0161ach; z persk\u00e9ho slova \u0161\u00e1h, panovn\u00edk) vznikly v 15. stolet\u00ed v ji\u017en\u00ed Evrop\u011b \u00fapravou persk\u00e9 hry \u0161atrand\u017e (kolem roku 600 n.l.), n\u00e1sledn\u00edka star\u00e9 indick\u00e9 hry \u010daturanga (tj. \u201e\u010dty\u0159i sou\u010d\u00e1sti vojska,\u201c p\u011bchota, j\u00edzda, sloni a v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 vozy, p\u0159edobrazy dne\u0161n\u00edch \u0161achov\u00fdch p\u011b\u0161c\u016f, jezdc\u016f, st\u0159elc\u016f a v\u011b\u017e\u00ed).<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

V kr\u010dm\u00e1ch se hr\u00e1ly t\u00e9\u017e ku\u017eelky, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v m\u011bstsk\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Pod pojmem „koule“ se zase skr\u00fdv\u00e1 mnoho r\u016fzn\u00fdch her, je\u017e vedly k modern\u00edmu kule\u010dn\u00edku, kroketu, petanque atd. I klasick\u00e9 sko\u0159\u00e1pky maj\u00ed svou dlouhou historii spjatou s prost\u0159ed\u00edm kr\u010dem a hostinc\u016f<\/p>\n

Je obecn\u011b zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee gamblerstv\u00ed m\u011blo tehdy sv\u00e9 zastoupen\u00ed mezi v\u0161emi soci\u00e1ln\u00edmi skupiny. K omezov\u00e1n\u00ed hazardu vedly ale u\u017e tenkr\u00e1te stejn\u00e9 motivy jako dnes. Tedy obavy p\u0159ed p\u00e1ch\u00e1n\u00edm n\u00e1siln\u00e9 a majetkov\u00e9 trestn\u00e9 \u010dinnosti spojen\u00e9 s pom\u011brn\u011b velk\u00fdm obratem pen\u011bz a \u010dast\u00fdm sch\u00e1zen\u00edm pochybn\u00fdch \u017eivl\u016f.<\/p>\n

Probl\u00e9m s v\u00e1\u0161niv\u00fdmi hr\u00e1\u010di musel \u0159e\u0161it dokonce c\u00edsa\u0159 Karel IV. ve sv\u00e9m z\u00e1kon\u00edku Majestas Carolina. Kostky v n\u011bm m\u011bly b\u00fdt zcela zapov\u011bzeny v\u0161em obyvatel\u016fm Zem\u00ed koruny \u010desk\u00e9. Z\u00e1kon\u00edk v\u0161ak nebyl p\u0159ijat a tak fale\u0161n\u00ed i poctiv\u00ed hr\u00e1\u010di d\u00e1l vysed\u00e1vali v kr\u010dm\u00e1ch a ob\u00edrali hry chtiv\u00e9 lidi o jejich v\u00fdd\u011blky.<\/p>\n

Do kr\u010dmy tak\u00e9 \u010dasto zav\u00edtali potuln\u00ed kejkl\u00ed\u0159i, hudebn\u00edci, zp\u011bv\u00e1ci, mimov\u00e9 a tane\u010dn\u00edci (\u017eak\u00e9\u0159i). St\u00e1valo se to zejm\u00e9na v dob\u00e1ch trh\u016f a slavnost\u00ed, ale n\u011bkter\u00e1 bohat\u0161\u00ed m\u011bsta si dokonce vydr\u017eovala profesion\u00e1ly, jejich\u017e \u00fakolem nebylo jen prov\u00e1d\u011bt z\u00e1bavu, ale tak\u00e9 ji kultivovat. Ko\u010dovn\u00ed hudebn\u00edci byli v\u011bt\u0161inou p\u016fvodu lidov\u00e9ho, zp\u00edvali a recitovali poslucha\u010d\u016fm sob\u011b rovn\u00fdm v chud\u0161\u00edch hostinc\u00edch. Jejich urozen\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kolegov\u00e9 se naz\u00fdvali minnesang\u0159i. Ti poskytovali z\u00e1bavu panstvu. Tito potuln\u00ed kejkl\u00ed\u0159i v\u0161ak nem\u011bli ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9m pr\u00e1vu zast\u00e1n\u00ed a c\u00edrkev jim dokonce odp\u00edrala pr\u00e1vo k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9ho poh\u0159bu.<\/p>\n

St\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fd hudebn\u00edk m\u011bl k dispozici mnoho r\u016fzn\u00fdch hudebn\u00edch n\u00e1stroj\u016f, jimi\u017e mohl zp\u011bv doprov\u00e1zet. Byly to nap\u0159\u00edklad dudy, fl\u00e9tna, fujara, loutna (drnkac\u00ed n\u00e1stroj s hmatn\u00edkem, pat\u0159\u00ed k nejstar\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1stroj\u016fm, v Evrop\u011b nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed do 18. stolet\u00ed), nin\u011bra (star\u00fd strunn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj, na kter\u00e9m hr\u00e1\u010d levou rukou tiskl kl\u00e1vesy a t\u00edm struny zkracoval a pravou rukou ot\u00e1\u010del klikou, kter\u00e1 ot\u00e1\u010dela kolem a struny rozechv\u00edvala), \u0161almaj (dechov\u00fd n\u00e1stroj vyd\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed nezam\u011bniteln\u00fd hlubok\u00fd zvuk). Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b existuje velk\u00e1 \u0159ada bubn\u016f a bub\u00ednk\u016f, \u010dast\u00e9 t\u00e9\u017e byly rolni\u010dky p\u0159ipevn\u011bn\u00e9 ke kotn\u00edk\u016fm.<\/p>\n

Prameny: M\u00edla Linc: St\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fd sv\u011bt (nakladatelstv\u00ed Straky na vrb\u011b)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

St\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 kr\u010dmy neplnily pouze roli ob\u010derstvovac\u00edch a stravovac\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, ale lid\u00e9 sem chod\u00edvali tak\u00e9 z d\u016fvodu spole\u010densk\u00e9ho setk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a z\u00e1bavy. Ji\u017e od dob starov\u011bk\u00fdch se osazenstvo hostinc\u016f, mnohdy posiln\u011bn\u00e9 alkoholem, \u010dasto uchylovalo k r\u016fzn\u00fdm...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":44670,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[189],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-44666","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/44666","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=44666"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/44666\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/44670"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=44666"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=44666"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=44666"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}