Kr\u010dmu lze ch\u00e1pat jako staven\u00ed, kde za \u00faplatu bylo poskytov\u00e1no stravov\u00e1n\u00ed, ob\u010derstven\u00ed a \u010dasto i ubytov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n
P\u0159esko\u010d\u00edme f\u00e1zi v\u00fdvoje, kdy doma uva\u0159en\u00e9 pivo a j\u00eddlo z vyp\u011bstovan\u00fdch plodin mohli nab\u00edzet v\u0161ichni osadn\u00edci (vyjma vesnic se \u0161enkuj\u00edc\u00edm svobodn\u00fdm rycht\u00e1\u0159em) a zam\u011b\u0159\u00edme se na pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dobu, kdy u\u017e do\u0161lo ke specializaci \u010dinnost\u00ed na vesnici. Kdy kr\u010dm\u00e1\u0159 \u0161enkoval dovezen\u00e9 vrchnostensk\u00e9 pivo a v\u00edno a va\u0159il pokrmy ze surovin z pansk\u00e9ho velkostatku \u010di nakoupen\u00fdch u mlyn\u00e1\u0159e nebo peka\u0159e. Z provozov\u00e1n\u00ed hostince se stala profilovan\u00e1 v\u00fdd\u011ble\u010dn\u00e1 \u010dinnost. Nejstar\u0161\u00ed hostince postupn\u011b z\u00edsk\u00e1valy r\u016fzn\u00e1 privilegia a svobody. Tak se vyvinuly tzv. v\u00fdsadn\u00ed a svobodn\u00e9 kr\u010dmy.<\/p>\n
V 16.stolet\u00ed si \u0161lechta u\u017e uv\u011bdomovala nezanedbatelnost p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f z provozu \u010di n\u00e1jmu kr\u010dmy, a tak s rozvojem pansk\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed , zakl\u00e1dala v poddansk\u00fdch vs\u00edch vlastn\u00ed kr\u010dmy. Pozd\u011bji ji\u017e m\u011blo panstvo naopak sklony po\u010det kr\u010dem limitovat na takov\u00fd, aby vyhovoval jejich z\u00e1sob\u00e1m piva a v\u00edna, kter\u00e9 do kr\u010dem pos\u00edlali.<\/p>\n
Star\u00fdm v\u00fdsadn\u00edm \u010di svobodn\u00fdm hospod\u00e1m v pol.16.stolet\u00ed z\u016fstala privilegia zachov\u00e1na, av\u0161ak u nov\u00fdch ji\u017e panstvo pr\u00e1va okle\u0161tila. Pochopiteln\u011b pivo ji\u017e va\u0159it nemohly. Musely odeb\u00edrat mok z pansk\u00fdch pivovar\u016f, kter\u00e9 v t\u00e9 dob\u011b za\u010daly houfn\u011b vznikat.<\/p>\n
Mezi privilegia v\u00fdsadn\u00edch kr\u010dem pat\u0159ilo nap\u0159\u00edklad pr\u00e1vo d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00e9. Tyto hostince v\u0161ak nebyly u\u0161et\u0159eny vrchnostensk\u00fdch poplatk\u016f. Pouze majitel svobodn\u00e9 kr\u010dmy odv\u00e1d\u011bt pansk\u00e9 d\u00e1vky nemusel.<\/p>\n\n
V\u00fdsadn\u00ed \u010di svobodn\u00e9 kr\u010dmy byly \u010dasto spojeny se svobodnou rychtou \u010di fojtstv\u00edm. Provozovatel\u00e9 t\u011bchto kr\u010dem m\u011bli v 15. a 16.stolet\u00ed st\u00e1le pr\u00e1vo va\u0159it pivo. Toto privilegium v\u0161ak posl\u00e9ze vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no nebylo, kr\u010dm\u00e1\u0159i rad\u011bji odeb\u00edrali pivo pansk\u00e9 \u010di m\u011bstsk\u00e9.<\/p>\n
N\u011bkter\u00e9 hostince vlastnili p\u0159\u00edmo poddan\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed m\u011bli to \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed a z\u00edskali povolen\u00ed panstva. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch obc\u00edch jste narazili i na kr\u010dmy obecn\u00ed. St\u00e1valo se \u010dasto, \u017ee obec odkoupila kr\u010dmu ve sv\u00e9 vesnici a provozovala ji sama.
\nVe v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f pat\u0159ila k hostinci i ur\u010dit\u00e1 v\u00fdm\u011bra pozemk\u016f. \u0160lo \u010dast\u011bji o men\u0161\u00ed rozlohy, tak 1,5 l\u00e1nu, co\u017e je v p\u0159epo\u010dtu asi 25 ha. Ale existovaly i kr\u010dmy je\u0161t\u011b s men\u0161\u00ed pozemkovou dr\u017ebou, kdy je provozovali tzv. l\u00e1n\u00edci nebo p\u016fll\u00e1n\u00edci. Vrchnostensk\u00e9 d\u00e1vky se tehdy vym\u011b\u0159ovaly dle rozlohy pozemku.<\/p>\n
Usedlosti s d\u011bdi\u010dnou dr\u017ebou hospody se mohly b\u011bhem doby zmen\u0161ovat \u010di zv\u011bt\u0161ovat a pr\u00e1vo na provoz kr\u010dmy m\u011bly d\u00e1l. U oby\u010dejn\u00fdch kr\u010dem mohl p\u00e1n zva\u017eovat, zda je \u010di nen\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fd grunt pro kr\u010dm\u00e1\u0159skou \u017eivnost vhodn\u00fd, v\u00fdsadn\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159\u016fm do toho mluvit nemohl.<\/p>\n
Na um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed hospody v r\u00e1mci vesnice neexistovala \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 pravidla \u010di pokyny. Nej\u010dast\u011bji ale samoz\u0159ejm\u011b st\u00e1ly kr\u010dmy p\u0159\u00edmo na n\u00e1vsi, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b kdy\u017e plnily funkci z\u00e1jezdn\u00edho hostince. V dosti obc\u00edch m\u011bli kr\u010dmu hned v sousedstv\u00ed kostela.<\/p>\n
Nejv\u00fdnosn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kr\u010dmy st\u00e1valy u frekventovan\u00fdch cest. Hostily toti\u017e nejen m\u00edstn\u00ed usedl\u00edky z okol\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 formany a nahodil\u00e9 cestuj\u00edc\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Povol\u00e1n\u00ed kr\u010dm\u00e1\u0159e bylo na vsi pova\u017eov\u00e1no za jedno z nejv\u00fdnosn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch. Kr\u010dm\u00e1\u0159i byli d\u00edky sv\u00e9mu zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed jedni z m\u00e1la venkovan\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed u sebe m\u00edvali v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed obnos. Z toho d\u016fvodu si od nich hodn\u011b lid\u00ed pen\u00edze p\u016fj\u010dovalo. Mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch venkovsk\u00fdch \u0161enk\u00fd\u0159\u016f a kr\u010dm\u00e1\u0159\u016f si p\u0159i sv\u00e9m zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ivyd\u011bl\u00e1valo p\u0159ekupov\u00e1n\u00edm kraden\u00e9ho zbo\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Ne ka\u017edou hospodu na vsi ale provozoval jej\u00ed dr\u017eitel. Ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s m\u011bsty ov\u0161em p\u0159ecejen p\u0159evl\u00e1dala situace, kdy v kr\u010dm\u011b obsluhoval jej\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159 \u010di hospodyn\u011b. N\u011bkdy si ale i venkov\u0161t\u00ed kr\u010dm\u00e1\u0159i naj\u00edmali \u0161enk\u00fd\u0159e.<\/p>\n
Do pansk\u00fdch hospod vrchnost naj\u00edmala \u0161enk\u00fd\u0159e v naprost\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f. Vrchnost si naj\u00edmala lidi pro \u0161enkov\u00e1n\u00ed ve vlastn\u00edch kr\u010dm\u00e1ch bu\u010f z \u0159ad m\u00edstn\u00edch poddan\u00fdch, nebo z jin\u00fdch vs\u00ed. Obdobn\u011b to bylo i u kr\u010dem, kter\u00e9 vlastnily m\u011bsta ve sv\u00fdch poddansk\u00fdch vs\u00edch. St\u00e1valo se tak\u00e9, \u017ee v takov\u00fdchto pansk\u00fdch hospod\u00e1ch se st\u0159\u00eddalo n\u011bkolik \u0161enk\u00fd\u0159\u016f najat\u00fdch vrchnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Kr\u010dm\u00e1\u0159i si ve vsi u\u017e\u00edvali v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 spole\u010densk\u00e9 presti\u017ee, po mlyn\u00e1\u0159\u00edch asi nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed. Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b si lid\u00e9 uv\u011bdomovali rizika plynouc\u00ed z ob\u011bhu pen\u011bz v hostinci, uv\u011bdomovali si n\u00e1ro\u010dnost provozu kr\u010dmy. Proto b\u011b\u017en\u00ed poddan\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed m\u011bli sv\u00e1 \u0159emesla, se p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 do \u0161enkov\u00e1n\u00ed v pansk\u00fdch hospod\u00e1ch nehrnuli.<\/p>\n
Krom\u011b povinn\u00e9ho odb\u011bru produkt\u016f pansk\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na piva a ko\u0159alky, museli hospod\u0161t\u00ed dodr\u017eovat i jin\u00e9 pokyny a p\u0159edpisy. \u0160lo o dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 m\u00edry rozl\u00e9van\u00fdch n\u00e1poj\u016f, p\u00e9\u010de o ve\u0159ejn\u00fd po\u0159\u00e1dek, o slu\u0161n\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed host\u016f.<\/p>\n
Vrchnost pochopiteln\u011b m\u011bla z\u00e1jem na co nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm odbytu sv\u00e9ho piva a v\u00edna do hostinc\u016f. K tomu pot\u0159ebovala nejen provozovatele \u0161enku schopn\u00e9ho, ale tak\u00e9 \u010dil\u00e9ho, je\u017e m\u011bl dostatek prostoru v\u011bnovat se fungov\u00e1n\u00ed kr\u010dmy. Proto m\u00edvali kr\u010dm\u00e1\u0159i \u010di \u0161enk\u00fd\u0159i r\u016fzn\u00e9 robotn\u00ed \u00falevy.<\/p>\n
Prameny:
\nJan \u010cech: \u010cesk\u00e1 a moravsk\u00e1 kr\u010dma v 16. a 17. stolet\u00ed: M\u00edsto st\u0159et\u016f a setk\u00e1n\u00ed<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Kr\u010dmu lze ch\u00e1pat jako staven\u00ed, kde za \u00faplatu bylo poskytov\u00e1no stravov\u00e1n\u00ed, ob\u010derstven\u00ed a \u010dasto i ubytov\u00e1n\u00ed. P\u0159esko\u010d\u00edme f\u00e1zi v\u00fdvoje, kdy doma uva\u0159en\u00e9 pivo a j\u00eddlo z vyp\u011bstovan\u00fdch plodin mohli nab\u00edzet v\u0161ichni osadn\u00edci (vyjma vesnic...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":45293,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[189],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-45288","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/45288","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=45288"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/45288\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/45293"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=45288"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=45288"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=45288"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}