{"id":46010,"date":"2018-07-25T00:53:41","date_gmt":"2018-07-24T22:53:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.zpravy.pivovary.info\/?p=46010"},"modified":"2025-01-20T10:01:30","modified_gmt":"2025-01-20T09:01:30","slug":"vyvoj-pohostinskych-zarizeni-konce-19-stoleti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/?p=46010","title":{"rendered":"V\u00fdvoj pohostinsk\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed konce 19.stolet\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

S\u00ed\u0165 hostinsk\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nevznikla najednou, n\u00fdbr\u017e utv\u00e1\u0159ela se postupn\u011b, po cel\u00e1 stalet\u00ed. Odviselo to tak\u00e9 od skute\u010dnosti, jak r\u016fzn\u00e1 m\u00edsta z\u00edsk\u00e1vala na v\u00fdznamu, jak se rozr\u016fstaly silnice, jak dopravn\u00ed tepny m\u011bnily krajinu. Av\u0161ak na roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed a struktu\u0159e hostinsk\u00fdch slu\u017eeb se hlavn\u011b odr\u00e1\u017eel v\u00fdvoj pot\u0159eb a z\u00e1jm\u016f lid\u00ed v souvislosti s ekonomick\u00fdmi a soci\u00e1ln\u00edmi zm\u011bnami konce 19.stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch m\u011bstech se r\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy restaura\u010dn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v modern\u00edm slova smyslu objevuj\u00ed ji\u017e na konci 18.stolet\u00ed. Na venkov\u011b k tomu do\u0161lo a\u017e v prvn\u00ed polovin\u011b stolet\u00ed devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho. Hostinsk\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se dostalo v \u017eeb\u0159\u00ed\u010dku d\u016fle\u017eitosti na \u00farove\u0148 kostela a \u0161koly, plnilo funkci ekonomickou a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed. Pokud v\u0161ak mluv\u00edme o restaura\u010dn\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed tohoto obdob\u00ed, nem\u016f\u017ee ji\u017e mluvit o homogenn\u00edm \u00fatvaru.<\/p>\n

Polovina 19.stolet\u00ed znamenala definitivn\u00ed konec cechovn\u00edho z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. T\u00edm padla posledn\u00ed omezen\u00ed v rozvoji podnik\u00e1n\u00ed nejen v pohostinsk\u00fdch slu\u017eb\u00e1ch. \u017divnosti byly prohl\u00e1\u0161eny za svobodn\u00e9 a ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo si zakoupil \u017eivnostensk\u00fd list, mohl je provozovat.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1konod\u00e1rnou zm\u011bnu v t\u00e9to oblasti p\u0159inesl Patent c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fd ze dne 20. prosince 1859 \u201ej\u00edm\u017eto se vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 a od 1. kv\u011btna 1860 ve skutek uv\u00e1d\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d \u017eivnostensk\u00fd, kter\u00fd\u017e platnost m\u00edti m\u00e1 v cel\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i, vyj\u00edmaj\u00edc Ben\u00e1tsko a Hranici vojenskou\u201c (vyd\u00e1no v \u010desk\u00e9 mutaci pod \u010d. 227\/1859).<\/p>\n\n

Bylo stanoveno, kter\u00e9 \u017eivnosti jsou koncesovan\u00e9, tedy \u00fa\u0159edn\u011b povolen\u00e9. Za \u017eivnosti \u201ekoncesion\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c se pokl\u00e1dala tak\u00e9 \u201e\u017eivnost hostinsk\u00e1 a \u0161enk\u00e9\u0159sk\u00e1\u201c.<\/p>\n

V paragrafu 28 bylo ur\u010deno, co tato \u017eivnost obsahuje:
\na) p\u0159espoln\u00ed a pocestn\u00e9 u sebe chovati,
\nb) pokrmy p\u0159ipravovati,
\nc) n\u00e1poje lihovit\u00e9, vyj\u00edmaj\u00edc ko\u0159alku, \u0161enkovati;
\nd) ko\u0159alku \u0161enkovati;
\ne) k\u00e1vu a jin\u00e9 tepl\u00e9 n\u00e1poje i ob\u010derstven\u00ed p\u0159ipravovati a prod\u00e1vati;
\nf) t\u00e9\u017e se mohou u n\u011bho dovolen\u00e9 hry hr\u00e1ti.<\/p>\n

Tyto \u010dinnosti mohly b\u00fdt v \u017eivnostensk\u00e9m povolen\u00ed uvedeny v\u0161echny nebo jen n\u011bkter\u00e9, ale v\u017edy muselo b\u00fdt stanoveno, co doty\u010dn\u00fd hostinsk\u00fd bude provozovat.<\/p>\n

V paragrafu 29 bylo stanoveno, co se rozum\u00ed \u0161enkem:
\n\u201eZa \u0161enk pokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se prod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1poj\u016f host\u016fm sed\u00edc\u00edm a stoj\u00edc\u00edm, nebo p\u0159es ulici v n\u00e1dob\u00e1ch nezad\u011blan\u00fdch. Kdo m\u00e1 pr\u00e1vo \u0161enkovati, m\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 v n\u00e1poj\u00edch, je\u017e mu dovoleno prod\u00e1vati, oby\u010dejn\u00fd obchod v\u00e9sti.\u201c<\/p>\n

Rozli\u0161en\u00ed restaura\u010dn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed konce 19.stolet\u00ed v\u0161ak nebylo d\u00e1no nov\u00fdm \u017eivnostensk\u00fdm \u0159\u00e1dem, ale zp\u016fsobem provozu, polohou m\u00edstnosti, vnit\u0159n\u00edm vybaven\u00edm, zp\u016fsobem obsluhy, nab\u00edzen\u00fdm sortimentem a cenovou hladinou.<\/p>\n

Podle t\u011bchto krit\u00e9rii se hostinsk\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed tehdej\u0161\u00ed doby rozli\u0161ovala na:
\nhotely
\nz\u00e1jezdn\u00ed hostince
\nrestaurace (tzv.plze\u0148sk\u00e9 pivnice)
\nhostince
\nvelk\u00e9 kav\u00e1rny
\nmal\u00e9 kav\u00e1rny
\nvin\u00e1rny
\nv\u00fd\u010depy p\u00e1len\u00fdch lihov\u00fdch n\u00e1poj\u016f<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Tato struktura se v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu m\u011bnila. Nav\u00edc po\u010det jednotliv\u00fdch druh\u016f za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed byl ovlivn\u011bn lokalitou m\u00edsta provozu. Jin\u00e1 byla struktura hostinsk\u00fdch podnik\u016f ve velkom\u011bstech (i v nich se v\u0161ak li\u0161ila v centru a na periferii), jin\u00e1 v men\u0161\u00edch s\u00eddlech, jin\u00e1 na venkov\u011b.<\/p>\n

Od konce 60.let 19.stolet\u00ed roste v\u00fdznam t\u011bchto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed tak\u00e9 kv\u016fli rozvoji spolkov\u00e9ho \u017eivota v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch. Jako houby po de\u0161ti vznikaly tehdy rozli\u010dn\u00e1 sdru\u017een\u00ed, spolky, kluby\u2026. Lid\u00e9 m\u011bli pot\u0159ebu tr\u00e1vit sv\u016fj voln\u00fd \u010das ve spole\u010dnosti jin\u00fdch soukmenovc\u016f, se kter\u00fdmi je spojovalo bu\u010f podobn\u00e9 pracovn\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, stejn\u00fd z\u00e1jem \u010di sportovn\u00ed vy\u017eit\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Nav\u00edc vznikaly i r\u016fzn\u00e9 modifikace hostinsk\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad se objevila snaha budovat za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ur\u010den\u00e1 pouze pro \u017eenskou \u010d\u00e1st populace. Do b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch restaura\u010dn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed toti\u017e dle tehdej\u0161\u00ed etikety \u017eeny nemohly vstoupit bez p\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho doprovodu.<\/p>\n

K rozvoji pohostinstv\u00ed na venkov\u011b a \u010dasto i mimo hlavn\u00ed dopravn\u00ed trasy p\u0159isp\u011bl rozkv\u011bt turistick\u00fdch aktivit v t\u00e9 dob\u011b. Vznikalo velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed v\u00fdletn\u00edch hostinc\u016f zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch zejm\u00e9na na ob\u010derstven\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 ubytov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdletn\u00edk\u016f.<\/p>\n

Specifick\u00fdm druhem ob\u010derstvovac\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vznikl\u00fdm na konci 19.stolet\u00ed byly n\u00e1dra\u017en\u00ed hostince. Tyto podniky byly na po\u010d\u00e1tku sv\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje \u00fazce sv\u00e1z\u00e1ny s provozem \u017eeleznice a byly ur\u010deny zejm\u00e9na pro ob\u010derstven\u00ed pasa\u017e\u00e9r\u016f vlakov\u00fdch spoj\u016f, pozd\u011bji se v\u0161ak staly obecn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a zam\u011b\u0159ovaly se tak\u00e9 na klientelu z lokality v okol\u00ed \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00ed stanice.<\/p>\n

Naprosto nov\u00fdm typem hostinsk\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed byly tzv. automatick\u00e9 bufety. A\u010d se v \u010cech\u00e1ch tyto \u201efast-foody\u201c za\u010daly v\u00edce roz\u0161i\u0159ovat a\u017e po prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce, ji\u017e od po\u010d\u00e1tku se staly trnem v oku ostatn\u00edm hostinsk\u00fdm. Klasick\u00fdm hospodsk\u00fdm vadila u automat\u016f velice dlouh\u00e1 otev\u00edrac\u00ed doba a \u0161irok\u00e1 nab\u00eddka zbo\u017e\u00ed – uzen\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9, cukr\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9, lah\u016fdk\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9, n\u00e1poje.<\/p>\n\n

Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm druhem nov\u011b vznikaj\u00edc\u00edch hostinsk\u00fdch podnik\u016f byla kant\u00fdny. Zprvu byly spojeny zejm\u00e9na s kas\u00e1rnami \u010di tov\u00e1rnami. Pozd\u011bji za\u010daly fungovat samostatn\u011b jako ve\u0159ejn\u00fd druh prodeje ob\u010derstven\u00ed. I existence kant\u00fdn vzbudil nevoli hostinsk\u00fdch. Na jejich zalo\u017een\u00ed toti\u017e nebylo nutn\u00e9 \u017eivnostensk\u00e9ho opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00ed. Z\u0159izovala je arm\u00e1da nebo majitel tov\u00e1rny a m\u011bly v\u011bt\u0161inou formu \u201edom\u00e1c\u00edch j\u00eddelen\u201c.<\/p>\n

V prvn\u00edch letech nov\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed zaznamenaly zna\u010dn\u00fd rozkv\u011bt za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 jako kav\u00e1rny. Rozd\u011blit je \u0161lo dle vybaven\u00ed, m\u00edry poskytovan\u00fdch slu\u017eeb, klientely, velikosti, otev\u00edrac\u00ed dob\u011b na mal\u00e9, velk\u00e9 a no\u010dn\u00ed. Tyto hostinsk\u00e9 podniky se odli\u0161ovaly od ostatn\u00edch t\u00edm, \u017ee ve velk\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e plnily funkci soci\u00e1ln\u00ed a kulturn\u00ed. Do kav\u00e1rny se chod\u00edvalo nejen na k\u00e1vu a z\u00e1kusek, ale tak\u00e9 konverzovat, \u010d\u00edst \u010dasopisy, knihy.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

S\u00ed\u0165 hostinsk\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nevznikla najednou, n\u00fdbr\u017e utv\u00e1\u0159ela se postupn\u011b, po cel\u00e1 stalet\u00ed. Odviselo to tak\u00e9 od skute\u010dnosti, jak r\u016fzn\u00e1 m\u00edsta z\u00edsk\u00e1vala na v\u00fdznamu, jak se rozr\u016fstaly silnice, jak dopravn\u00ed tepny m\u011bnily krajinu. Av\u0161ak na...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":46016,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[189],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-46010","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46010","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=46010"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46010\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/46016"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=46010"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=46010"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=46010"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}