{"id":46026,"date":"2019-05-12T00:20:33","date_gmt":"2019-05-11T22:20:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.zpravy.pivovary.info\/?p=46026"},"modified":"2023-10-30T13:21:56","modified_gmt":"2023-10-30T12:21:56","slug":"pivo-pred-nasim-letopoctem-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/?p=46026","title":{"rendered":"Pivo p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem I."},"content":{"rendered":"

Pivo bylo od nepam\u011bti spojov\u00e1no s rodinn\u00fdm \u017eivotem, p\u0159\u00e1teli, oslavami. Stalo se n\u00e1m\u011btem p\u00edsn\u00ed, b\u00e1sn\u00ed, pov\u00eddek a legend, a a\u010dkoli se jeho chu\u0165 i podoba za stovky a tis\u00edce let zcela zm\u011bnila, po\u017eitek, kter\u00fd pivo p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed, z\u0159ejm\u011b z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 stejn\u00fdm.<\/p>\n

Pivo bylo d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mnoha starov\u011bk\u00fdch kultur \u2013 p\u016fvodn\u00ed africk\u00e9, sumersk\u00e9, babyl\u00f3nsk\u00e9, asyrsk\u00e9, egyptsk\u00e9, \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9, inck\u00e9\u2026.<\/p>\n

N\u011bkdy p\u0159ed 10 000 a\u017e 15 000 lety se prehistori\u010dt\u00ed nom\u00e1di za\u010dali usazovat a z lovu a sb\u011bru se postupn\u011b p\u0159eorientov\u00e1vali na p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed plodin, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm obil\u00ed. Historikov\u00e9 spekuluj\u00ed, \u017ee ji\u017e tehdy lid\u00e9 p\u0159ipravovali \u201epivo\u201c z obil\u00ed a vody, tedy je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed t\u00edm, ne\u017e se nau\u010dili p\u00e9ct chl\u00e9b.<\/p>\n\n

Ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy dokazuj\u00ed, \u017ee vesni\u010dan\u00e9 v \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdch vesnic\u00edch va\u0159ili pivu podobn\u00fd n\u00e1poj ji\u017e kolem roku 7 000 p\u0159.n.l. M\u00e1 se za to, \u017ee pivo obsahovalo r\u00fd\u017ei, med, hrozny a plody hlohu. Starov\u011bk\u00e9 \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 pivo bylo d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edk\u016f a boh\u016f, poh\u0159ebn\u00ed a jin\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly.<\/p>\n

Nestar\u0161\u00ed dochovan\u00e9 p\u00edsemn\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy o va\u0159en\u00ed \u201eprapiva\u201c jsou star\u00e9 6000 let a poch\u00e1z\u00ed z obdob\u00ed Sumersk\u00e9 kultury. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee to byli pr\u00e1v\u011b Sumerov\u00e9, kdo n\u00e1hodou objevil proces kva\u0161en\u00ed. Z roku 1 800 p\u0159.n.l. se na hlin\u011bn\u00e9 tabulce dochoval text \u201eHymn to Ninkasi\u201d (Ninkasi – bohyn\u011b pivovarnictv\u00ed), kter\u00fd napsal d\u00e1vn\u00fd sumersk\u00fd b\u00e1sn\u00edk, a kter\u00fd obsahoval jeden z prvn\u00edch recept\u016f na va\u0159en\u00ed piva. (V roce 1989 vyprodukoval pivovar Anchor Brewing Company limitovanou edici piva Ninkasi label, kter\u00e9 bylo uva\u0159eno podle v\u011bdecky zrekonstruovan\u00e9ho p\u016fvodn\u00edho sumersk\u00e9ho receptu. Dvakr\u00e1t pe\u010den\u00fd chl\u00e9b z je\u010dmene \u2013 bappir- se rozdrobil do vody, p\u0159idal se med a datle a zah\u0159\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm sm\u011bsi pak vznikl n\u00e1poj, kter\u00fd, jak text uv\u00e1d\u011bl \u201elidi rozja\u0159uje\u201c. Pivo neobsahovalo ani chmel, ani jin\u00e9 ho\u0159k\u00e9 l\u00e1tky).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

V Babyl\u00f3n\u011b kolem roku 4300 p\u0159.n.l. byly na hlin\u011bn\u00e9 tabulky zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1ny podrobn\u00e9 recepty k v\u00fdrob\u011b piva. Produkovalo se zde pom\u011brn\u011b zna\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed piva v p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 20 variant\u00e1ch. Pivo z Babyl\u00f3nu bylo vyv\u00e1\u017eeno a\u017e do Egypta. Jeden z v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch babyl\u00f3nsk\u00fdch panovn\u00edk\u016f Hammurabi vydal sb\u00edrku z\u00e1kon\u016f, kter\u00e1 obsahovala mimo jin\u00e9 i na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ohledn\u011b denn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edd\u011blu piva na osobu. V\u00fd\u0161e tohoto p\u0159\u00edd\u011blu z\u00e1le\u017eela na soci\u00e1ln\u00edm postaven\u00ed jedince. Norm\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u011bln\u00edk dost\u00e1val 2 l piva na den, \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk 3 l, spr\u00e1vce a vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed duchovn\u00ed 5 litr\u016f piva na den. Pivo bylo tak cen\u011bno, \u017ee b\u00fdvalo i sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed odm\u011bny, kterou d\u011bln\u00edci dost\u00e1vali za svou pr\u00e1ci \u2013 tzv. natur\u00e1li\u00ed. Uv\u00e1d\u00ed se tak\u00e9, \u017ee p\u0159ed 4000 lety bylo v Babyl\u00f3n\u011b pravidlem, \u017ee cel\u00fd m\u011bs\u00edc po svatb\u011b musel nev\u011bstin otec z\u00e1sobovat sv\u00e9ho zet\u011b pivem a to v takov\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 byl schopen vyp\u00edt. Jednalo se o pivo medov\u00e9 a m\u00e1 se za to, \u017ee odtud poch\u00e1z\u00ed i anglick\u00fd n\u00e1zev \u201ehoney moon\u201c (medov\u00fd m\u011bs\u00edc, l\u00edb\u00e1nky).<\/p>\n

Egyp\u0165an\u00e9 pokra\u010dovali d\u00e1l v tradici va\u0159en\u00ed piva. K jeho v\u00fdrob\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvali chlebov\u00e9 t\u011bsto a pro vylep\u0161en\u00ed chuti p\u0159id\u00e1vali datle. D\u016fle\u017eitost piva v Egypt\u011b dokazuje i fakt, \u017ee p\u00edsa\u0159i vytvo\u0159ili speci\u00e1ln\u00ed hieroglyf pro ozna\u010den\u00ed osoby va\u0159\u00edc\u00ed pivo. Ji\u017e ve starov\u011bk\u00e9m Egypt\u011b se va\u0159ilo nejm\u00e9n\u011b 17 typ\u016f piva a pivo slou\u017eilo hojn\u011b k nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm. Bylo va\u0159eno p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro konzumaci \u010dleny kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 rodiny, ale tak\u00e9 bylo vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no jeho l\u00e9\u010div\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dink\u016f, ob\u011btov\u00e1valo se boh\u016fm a v neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b byl pivn\u00ed mok tak\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed poh\u0159ebn\u00ed v\u00fdbavy ka\u017ed\u00e9ho zem\u0159el\u00e9ho.
\nDochovan\u00e9 egyptsk\u00e9 texty z roku 1600 p\u0159.n.l. uv\u00e1d\u00ed zhruba 100 l\u00e9\u010div\u00fdch recept\u016f, kter\u00e9 vy\u017eaduj\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed piva. Existovala tradice, podle n\u00ed\u017e, kdy\u017e egyptsk\u00fd gentleman nab\u00eddl \u017een\u011b, aby se napila z jeho piva, pova\u017eovalo se to za projev jejich zasnouben\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed rozvinutou kulturou, ve kter\u00e9 se pokra\u010dovalo s pivovarnictv\u00edm, bylo \u0158ecko a \u0158\u00edm. Plinius ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle zaznamenal popularitu piva v oblasti St\u0159edozemn\u00edho mo\u0159e je\u0161t\u011b d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e se obl\u00edben\u00fdm stalo v\u00edno. Jednalo se s nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed o pivo medov\u00e9, fermentovan\u00fd n\u00e1poj z medu a vody. Pozd\u011bji (cca 1700 p\u0159.n.l.) bylo ji\u017e pivo pova\u017eov\u00e1no za barbarsk\u00fd n\u00e1poj a va\u0159ilo se pouze v odlehl\u00fdch oblastech \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9ho imp\u00e9ria, tam, kde bylo obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 sehnat v\u00edno. Byly to ale pr\u00e1v\u011b \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 legie, kter\u00e9 p\u0159edstavily pivo v severn\u00ed Evrop\u011b. Roku 49 p\u0159.n.l. C\u00e9sar p\u0159ip\u00edjel sv\u00fdm vojsk\u016fm pivem pot\u00e9, co p\u0159ekro\u010dili \u0159eku Rubikon a sv\u00fdm host\u016fm nech\u00e1val serv\u00edrovat pivo ve zlat\u00fdch \u010d\u00ed\u0161\u00edch.<\/p>\n

A\u010dkoli pivo m\u011blo sv\u016fj p\u016fvod v Mezopot\u00e1mii, kva\u0161en\u00e9 n\u00e1poje r\u016fzn\u00fdch druh\u016f a z r\u016fzn\u00fdch surovin se produkovaly po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Chang bylo tibetsk\u00e9 pivo z prosa, r\u00fd\u017ee nebo je\u010dmene, Chicha \u2013 kuku\u0159i\u010dn\u00e9 pivo z latinsk\u00e9 Ameriky, kumis – fermentovan\u00fd n\u00e1poj z velbloud\u00edho ml\u00e9ka. V Africe se k v\u00fdrob\u011b t\u011bchto n\u00e1poj\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvalo nej\u010dast\u011bji proso, kuku\u0159ice a maniok, v Egypt\u011b je\u010dmen, v Rusku \u017eito, v Asii \u010dirok, v \u010c\u00edn\u011b p\u0161enice a r\u00fd\u017ee, v Japonsku r\u00fd\u017ee, v severn\u00ed Americe tomel, v Mexiku ag\u00e1ve, v ji\u017en\u00ed Americe kuku\u0159ice, v Braz\u00edlii sladk\u00e9 brambory.<\/p>\n

Ve starov\u011bku bylo pivo kaln\u00e9 a nefiltrovan\u00e9. Pilo se proto p\u0159es sl\u00e1mky, aby se do \u00fast nedostaly ne\u010distoty z moku a usazenina ze dna \u010d\u00ed\u0161e, kter\u00e1 byla velmi ho\u0159k\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Pivo v t\u00e9 dob\u011b nemohlo b\u00fdt skladov\u00e1no, proto\u017ee nem\u011blo del\u0161\u00ed trvanlivost a bylo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 bez p\u011bny. Pivovarn\u00edci v ran\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch pou\u017e\u00edvali k ochucov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00fdch produkt\u016f nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bylinky \u010di p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed produkty, nap\u0159. prysky\u0159ici, seno, pampeli\u0161ky, pelyn\u011bk, dokonce i krab\u00ed klepeta \u010di sko\u0159\u00e1pky \u00fast\u0159ic. Chmel se za\u010dal do piva dod\u00e1vat a\u017e kolem roku 1000 na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pivo bylo od nepam\u011bti spojov\u00e1no s rodinn\u00fdm \u017eivotem, p\u0159\u00e1teli, oslavami. Stalo se n\u00e1m\u011btem p\u00edsn\u00ed, b\u00e1sn\u00ed, pov\u00eddek a legend, a a\u010dkoli se jeho chu\u0165 i podoba za stovky a tis\u00edce let zcela zm\u011bnila, po\u017eitek, kter\u00fd...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":46028,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[189],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-46026","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46026","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=46026"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46026\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/46028"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=46026"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=46026"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=46026"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}