{"id":48604,"date":"2018-08-30T00:01:35","date_gmt":"2018-08-29T22:01:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.zpravy.pivovary.info\/?p=48604"},"modified":"2018-08-23T13:38:32","modified_gmt":"2018-08-23T11:38:32","slug":"nahled-do-historie-pohostinstvi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/?p=48604","title":{"rendered":"N\u00e1hled do historie pohostinstv\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":" <script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- zpravy -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-5694300196982120\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"3541247592\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\n<p>Pohostinnost je jedna ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka. Je to jeden z projev\u016f, kter\u00fdm se odli\u0161uje od ostatn\u00edch \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch druh\u016f na planet\u011b. \u00darove\u0148 pohostinnosti odpov\u00edd\u00e1 \u00farovni spole\u010dnosti a jej\u00edmu rozvoji. Jak se vyv\u00edjel \u010dlov\u011bk a cel\u00e1 spole\u010dnost, tak se m\u011bnil p\u0159\u00edstup k pohostinnosti. P\u016fvodn\u011b znamenala pohostinnost bezplatn\u00e9 poskytnut\u00ed noclehu a j\u00eddla a pit\u00ed poutn\u00edkovi, pozd\u011bji se tato \u010dinnost stala podnik\u00e1n\u00edm s c\u00edlem dosa\u017een\u00ed v\u00fdd\u011blku. S postupem stalet\u00ed se pohostinstv\u00ed a slu\u017eby na n\u011bj nav\u00e1zan\u00e9 staly v\u00fdznamnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed st\u00e1t\u016f a odveden\u00e9 dan\u011b z tohoto odv\u011btv\u00ed nezanedbatelnou polo\u017ekou st\u00e1tn\u00edho rozpo\u010dtu.<\/p>\n<p>Nejstar\u0161\u00ed dochovan\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy ze starov\u011bku poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z Palestiny a Mezopotamie. Dozv\u00edme se z nich, \u017ee v t\u011bch dob\u00e1ch bylo pohostinstv\u00ed poskytov\u00e1no jako akt dobr\u00e9 v\u016fle, tedy bezplatn\u00e9 poskytnut\u00ed p\u0159\u00edst\u0159e\u0161\u00ed a stravy. Cestov\u00e1n\u00ed tehdy sice bylo nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9, ale nebylo i pro prost\u00fd lid na rozd\u00edl od st\u0159edov\u011bku t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 zapov\u011bzeno. Na hlavn\u00edch tras\u00e1ch tud\u00ed\u017e za\u010daly vznikat prost\u00e9 nocleh\u00e1rny a v\u00fd\u010depy v\u00edna pro chud\u0161\u00ed cestuj\u00edc\u00ed, bohat\u0161\u00ed lid\u00e9 cestovali s vlastn\u00edmi prost\u0159edky. Pokrmy se pod\u00e1valy na m\u00eds\u00e1ch, n\u00e1poje v hlin\u011bn\u00fdch n\u00e1dob\u00e1ch a v\u0161e se konzumovalo rukama.<\/p>\n<p>Prvn\u00ed mezopotamsk\u00e9 kr\u010dmy jsou dolo\u017eeny od 2. tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161im letopo\u010dtem. Pov\u011bstn\u00e9 byly nap\u0159\u00edklad z\u00e1jezdn\u00ed hostince v Lydii (v z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti dne\u0161n\u00edho Turecka), kde se zastavovaly karavany kupc\u016f m\u00ed\u0159\u00edc\u00edch do \u0158ecka z Orientu. V dob\u011b nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed sl\u00e1vy Egypta vznikala prvn\u00ed z\u00e1bavn\u00ed st\u0159ediska v p\u0159\u00edstavech, kde panoval \u010dil\u00fd obchodn\u00ed ruch. V egyptsk\u00fdch hostinc\u00edch se pop\u00edjelo n\u011bkolik druh\u016f piva a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b v\u00edno.<\/p>\n\n<p>Starov\u011bk posl\u00e9ze zaznamen\u00e1val nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed rozkv\u011bt v oblasti \u0158ecka a \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. \u0158eckou tradic\u00ed se stalo po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sportovn\u00edch a kulturn\u00edch her a slavnost\u00ed. Nejen tyto akce motivovaly obyvatele \u0158ecka cestovat. Tak\u00e9 rozvojem obchodu s\u00edlil cestovn\u00ed ruch, mnoho lidi tak cestovalo slu\u017eebn\u011b. Nezanedbateln\u00e9 byly i n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 d\u016fvody putov\u00e1n\u00ed. Vznikal nov\u00fd typ pohostinsk\u00fdch dom\u016f, kde byla cestuj\u00edc\u00edm mimo b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch slu\u017eeb (stravov\u00e1n\u00ed, nocleh) poskytov\u00e1na i mo\u017enost z\u00e1bavy. Hostinsk\u00e1 \u010dinnost byla povolena ka\u017ed\u00e9mu, ale ji\u017e tehdy vznikala r\u016fzn\u00e1 omezen\u00ed a opat\u0159en\u00ed (nap\u0159\u00edklad stanoven\u00ed zav\u00edrac\u00ed doby, z\u00e1kaz \u010depov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00edna v ur\u010dit\u00fdch dnech, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed odm\u011brek).<\/p>\n<p>S rozkv\u011btem \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e do\u0161lo k podstatn\u00e9mu kvalitativn\u00edmu zlep\u0161en\u00ed cestovn\u00edho ruchu stavbou silnic a zaveden\u00edm po\u0161ty. Prvn\u00ed ob\u010derstvovac\u00ed a ubytovac\u00ed stanice na \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch silnic\u00edch zakl\u00e1dal st\u00e1t a byly ur\u010deny v\u00fdhradn\u011b pro st\u00e1tn\u00ed \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edky. Byly vybaveny j\u00eddelnou, pokoji pro hosty, koupelnou a st\u00e1jemi pro zv\u00ed\u0159ata. V m\u00edstech p\u0159ep\u0159ah\u00e1n\u00ed kon\u00ed vznikaly prost\u00e9 hostince pro kupce a m\u011b\u0161\u0165any, ale tak\u00e9 honosn\u00e9 hotelov\u00e9 domy s koupelnami a vysokou \u00farovn\u00ed slu\u017eeb. Cestovn\u00ed ruch se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il o rekrea\u010dn\u00ed pobyty bohat\u00fdch \u0158\u00edman\u016f u mo\u0159e.<\/p>\n<p>\u0158\u00edmsk\u00e1 m\u011bsta vzkv\u00e9tala a rozv\u00edjely se v nich i pohostinsk\u00e9 slu\u017eby. Vznikaly hostince pro prost\u00fd lid, p\u0159epychov\u00e9 \u201erestaura\u010dn\u00ed\u201c domy pro movitou klientelu s baz\u00e9ny a koupelnami, obchody s v\u00ednem, u kter\u00fdch byly n\u00e1pojov\u00e9 v\u00fd\u010depy. Pou\u017e\u00edvalo se sklo a porcel\u00e1n dovezen\u00fd z Orientu. \u00darove\u0148 stolni\u010den\u00ed se postupn\u011b zvy\u0161ovala. Za\u010daly se krom\u011b no\u017e\u016f a l\u017eic pou\u017e\u00edvat tak\u00e9 ubrousky a p\u00e1r\u00e1tka z hus\u00edch brk\u016f. Jm\u00e9no \u0158\u00edmana Luculla se stalo pojmem pro p\u0159epychov\u00e9 hodov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pohostinsk\u00e9 podniky ji\u017e dost\u00e1valy sv\u00e1 jm\u00e9na a v\u00fdv\u011bsn\u00ed \u0161t\u00edty. Postupn\u011b bylo zavedeno placen\u00ed dan\u00ed z pohostinsk\u00fdch slu\u017eeb, z\u00e1kony proti opilstv\u00ed i z\u00e1kazy n\u011bkter\u00fdch hazardn\u00edch her. Sortimentn\u00ed skladba j\u00eddel a n\u00e1poj\u016f v hostinc\u00edch se zna\u010dn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48608 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.zpravy.pivovary.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/ngg_featured\/pohostinstvi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"833\" height=\"497\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/ngg_featured\/pohostinstvi.jpg 833w, https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/ngg_featured\/pohostinstvi-300x179.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/ngg_featured\/pohostinstvi-620x370.jpg 620w, https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/ngg_featured\/pohostinstvi-768x458.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 833px) 100vw, 833px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Vrcholn\u00e9 obdob\u00ed starov\u011bku ud\u011blalo v rozvoji pohostinsk\u00fdch slu\u017eeb zna\u010dn\u00fd krok kup\u0159edu. Bohu\u017eel st\u0159edov\u011bk tento slibn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj zpomalil. Zejm\u00e9na na venkov\u011b m\u011blo st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 pohostinstv\u00ed velmi n\u00edzkou \u00farove\u0148. Cestov\u00e1n\u00ed chud\u00fdch lid\u00ed bylo d\u00edky nevolnick\u00e9mu syst\u00e9mu velmi omezen\u00e9, mohlo se putovat pouze z n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f. Proto c\u00edrkev z\u0159izovala p\u0159i kl\u00e1\u0161terech pro v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed nocleh\u00e1rny s mo\u017enost\u00ed jednoduch\u00e9ho stravov\u00e1n\u00ed. V\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed poutn\u00edci si pobyt v t\u011bchto ubytovac\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch odpracovali nebo kl\u00e1\u0161teru p\u0159inesli natur\u00e1ln\u00ed dar.<\/p>\n<p>S postupem \u010dasu vyrostla s\u00ed\u0165 st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch hostinc\u016f. Existence kr\u010dem byla tolerov\u00e1na, nicm\u00e9n\u011b tehdy mocn\u00e1 c\u00edrkev ozna\u010dovala hostince jako m\u00edsto ne\u010dist\u00e9, kde doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke kr\u00e1de\u017e\u00edm, podvod\u016fm, smilstvu.<br \/>\nHospody byly z\u00e1jezdn\u00ed, ur\u010den\u00e9 hlavn\u011b pro p\u0159epravce, cestuj\u00edc\u00ed obchodn\u00edky, pansk\u00e9, kde byla v\u00edt\u00e1na z\u00e1mo\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed klientela, vesnick\u00e9 a m\u011bstsk\u00e9, kter\u00e9 nav\u0161t\u011bvoval prost\u00fd lid. Cenov\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 byla v r\u016fzn\u00fdch hostinsk\u00fdch podnic\u00edch r\u016fzn\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Pohostinstv\u00ed \u0159e\u0161ila cel\u00e1 \u0159ada pravidel a p\u0159edpis\u016f. Bylo stanovov\u00e1no p\u0159esn\u00e9 placen\u00ed dan\u00ed, p\u0159edeps\u00e1no bylo dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u0159\u00e1dku a zav\u00edrac\u00ed doba, byla o\u0161et\u0159ena ochrana z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016f ve smyslu kvality nab\u00edzen\u00fdch j\u00eddel a dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011br, vah a cen. Tyto normy b\u00fdvaly i kontrolov\u00e1ny a poru\u0161en\u00ed sankcionov\u00e1no. Hostinsk\u00fd dostal nejen finan\u010dn\u00ed pokutu, ale mohl zakusit i trest fyzick\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>Ubytovac\u00ed slu\u017eby byly zpo\u010d\u00e1tku historick\u00e9ho st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed na velice n\u00edzk\u00e9 \u00farovni obecn\u011b. V\u011bt\u0161inou cestuj\u00edc\u00ed spali p\u0159\u00edmo v m\u00edstnosti v\u00fd\u010depu na lavic\u00edch nebo v jedin\u00e9 velk\u00e9 samostatn\u00e9 m\u00edstnosti na zemi. A\u017e pozd\u011bji s v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm rozvojem cestov\u00e1n\u00ed v hostinc\u00edch pro bohat\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1kazn\u00edky vznikaly m\u00edstnosti s postelemi. J\u00eddla hostinsk\u00fd p\u0159ipravoval na otev\u0159en\u00e9m ohni\u0161ti, pozd\u011bji se za\u010daly budovat pece.<\/p>\n\n<p>K v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu rozvoji pohostinsk\u00fdch slu\u017eeb do\u0161lo a\u017e na konci st\u0159edov\u011bku a to zejm\u00e9na v podnic\u00edch ur\u010den\u00fdch pro \u0161lechtu. V 15.stolet\u00ed se za\u010daly pou\u017e\u00edvat ubrusy, od 17.stolet\u00ed se k j\u00eddlu u\u017e p\u0159ikl\u00e1daly p\u0159\u00edbory. N\u00e1poje na\u0161ly sv\u00e9 m\u00edsto ve sklen\u011bn\u00fdch n\u00e1dob\u00e1ch, vyu\u017e\u00edvaly se porcel\u00e1nov\u00e9 m\u00edsy. P\u0159\u00edpravy j\u00eddel se chopili \u0161kolen\u00ed kucha\u0159i, hosty obsluhovali vyu\u010den\u00ed \u010d\u00ed\u0161n\u00edci.<\/p>\n<p>Mohutn\u00fd rozvoj pr\u016fmyslu p\u0159inesl obdob\u00ed novov\u011bku. Omezuj\u00edc\u00ed pouta nevolnictv\u00ed padla, roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo se cestov\u00e1n\u00ed, prost\u00fd lid se st\u011bhoval za prac\u00ed do rostouc\u00edch m\u011bst. Pot\u0159eba spole\u010densk\u00e9ho styku a z\u00e1bavy, dostatek pen\u011bz a touha po pozn\u00e1n\u00ed daly podn\u011bt ke vzniku restaura\u010dn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed zcela nov\u00e9ho typu \u2013 kav\u00e1rny, cukr\u00e1rny, bary, herny, v\u00fdletn\u00ed restaurace. Rozv\u00edj\u00ed se tak\u00e9 pohostinstv\u00ed v dopravn\u00edch prost\u0159edc\u00edch, zpo\u010d\u00e1tku p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ve vlac\u00edch a na lod\u00edch, pozd\u011bji tak\u00e9 v letadlech.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pohostinnost je jedna ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka. Je to jeden z projev\u016f, kter\u00fdm se odli\u0161uje od ostatn\u00edch \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch druh\u016f na planet\u011b. \u00darove\u0148 pohostinnosti odpov\u00edd\u00e1 \u00farovni spole\u010dnosti a jej\u00edmu rozvoji. Jak se vyv\u00edjel \u010dlov\u011bk a&#46;&#46;&#46;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":48608,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[189],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-48604","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/48604","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=48604"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/48604\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/48608"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=48604"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=48604"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=48604"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}