{"id":82706,"date":"2022-04-05T05:00:56","date_gmt":"2022-04-05T03:00:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.zpravy.pivovary.info\/?p=82706"},"modified":"2023-10-27T09:30:59","modified_gmt":"2023-10-27T07:30:59","slug":"vzor-clanek-351-23-13-2-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/?p=82706","title":{"rendered":"Nutri\u010dn\u00ed vlastnosti piva \u2013 d\u00edl t\u0159et\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ve t\u0159et\u00edm d\u00edle popisu nutri\u010dn\u00edch vlastnosti piva budete obezn\u00e1men\u00ed s tzv.negativn\u00edmi slo\u017eky piva, tedy l\u00e1tkami, je\u017e na n\u00e1s, konzumuj\u00edc\u00edm chmelov\u00fd mok,   p\u016fsob\u00ed neblaze.<\/p>\n<p>Z hlediska obsahu cizorod\u00fdch l\u00e1tek a chemick\u00fdch rezidu\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed pivo k nejzdrav\u011bj\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1poj\u016fm vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee v\u00fdroba piva p\u0159edstavuje v mnoha aspektech dekontamina\u010dn\u00ed technologii, jej\u00ed\u017e v\u00fdsledkem je minim\u00e1ln\u00ed obsah \u0161kodliv\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u pou\u017eit\u00fdch surovin v\u010detn\u011b vody.<\/p>\n<p>1.) \tAlkoholy a dal\u0161\u00ed t\u011bkav\u00e9 l\u00e1tky.<br \/>\nEthanolu je pro d\u016fle\u017eitost a diskutovatelnost  v\u011bnov\u00e1na zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed kapitola. Alifatick\u00e9 a aromatick\u00e9 alkoholy, kter\u00fdch je v pivu asi 100 mg\/l, a estery (p\u0159ibli\u017en\u00fd obsah asi 20 mg\/l) jsou v\u00edce toxick\u00e9 ne\u017e ethanol. Tyto l\u00e1tky jsou t\u00edm toxi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm del\u0161\u00ed je d\u00e9lka jejich \u0159et\u011bzce. S d\u00e9lkou \u0159et\u011bzce t\u011bchto slou\u010denin roste i rozpustnost v tuc\u00edch a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed koncentrace v mozkov\u00e9 a tukov\u00fdch tk\u00e1n\u00edch. Glycerol s pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fdm obsahem 1,3 &#8211; 1,8 g\/l je nejm\u00e9n\u011b toxick\u00fdm alkoholem a 3-methylbutanol je toxick\u00fd nejv\u00edce. Na rozd\u00edl od alkohol\u016f toxicita aldehyd\u016f se sni\u017euje s jejich vzr\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00ed molekulovou v\u00e1hou. Ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s v\u00ednem a tvrd\u00fdm alkoholem je pivo n\u00e1pojem s nejni\u017e\u0161\u00edm obsahem toxick\u00fdch t\u011bkav\u00fdch l\u00e1tek.<\/p>\n<p>2.) \tAzbest.<br \/>\nCelul\u00f3za obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed azbest byla dlouhou dobu pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na na filtraci piva a vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee azbest je u\u017e dlouhou dobu pova\u017eov\u00e1n za jednu z karcinogenn\u00edch l\u00e1tek, tak se musela tato technologick\u00e1 procedura p\u0159epracovat. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pivo u\u017e azbest dlouhou dobu neobsahuje! Nikdy ale tak\u00e9 nebylo dok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee existuje mo\u017enost vzniku n\u00e1doru zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 azbestem rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdm v pivu.<\/p>\n <script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- zpravy -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-5694300196982120\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"3541247592\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\n<p>3.) \tBiogenn\u00ed aminy.<br \/>\nObsah biogenn\u00edch amin\u016f se m\u011bn\u00ed b\u011bhem jeho v\u00fdroby a koncov\u00fd produkt obsahuje pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b 150 &#8211; 200 \u03bcg\/l histaminu, 0,7 &#8211; 35,5 mg\/l tyraminu, 0,5 &#8211; 0,7 mg\/l kadaverinu, 3,1 &#8211; 5,6 mg\/l putrescinu a 0 &#8211; 0,8 mg\/l beta-fenylethylaminu. Tyto hodnoty se m\u016f\u017eou v\u00fdrazn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161it p\u0159i mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed kontaminaci b\u011bhem v\u00fdroby nebo jako koncov\u00e9ho produktu. Tyto l\u00e1tky ve velk\u00fdch mno\u017estv\u00edch zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed bolesti hlavy, migr\u00e9ny a alergick\u00e9 reakce.<\/p>\n<p>4.) \tEthylkarbam\u00e1t (uretan).<br \/>\nTato slou\u010denina m\u016f\u017ee poch\u00e1zet z n\u011bkolika zdroj\u016f, ale nal\u00e9z\u00e1 se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ve vysocealkoholov\u00fdch n\u00e1poj\u00edch. V pivu se nal\u00e9z\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1 &#8211; 2 mikrog\/l ethylkarbam\u00e1tu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e rozptyl hodnot m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt 0,5 &#8211; 4 \u03bcg\/l.<\/p>\n<p>5.) \tT\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 kovy.<br \/>\nT\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 kovy nejsou obsa\u017eeny v pivu jako prim\u00e1rn\u00ed kontaminace, ale m\u016f\u017eou se dostat do piva sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed kontaminac\u00ed nap\u0159. kontaktem s varn\u00fdmi kotli, r\u016fzn\u00fdmi kovov\u00fdmi skladovac\u00edmi n\u00e1dobami atd.:<br \/>\na) \tArsen.<br \/>\nV Brit\u00e1nii nesm\u00ed hladina arsenu p\u0159es\u00e1hnout hodnotu 0,2 mg\/l. Hlavn\u00edm zdrojem t\u00e9to kontaminace m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt su\u0161en\u00ed sladu v pec\u00edch antracitem. V minul\u00e9m stolet\u00ed se pou\u017e\u00edval v pivovarsk\u00e9 technologii \u0161krobov\u00fd sirup hydrolyzovan\u00fd technickou kyselinou s\u00edrovou, kter\u00e1 mohla b\u00fdt zdrojem arsenu. V pivu se vyskytuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 6,5 \u03bcg\/kg.<br \/>\nb) \tOlovo.<br \/>\nV Brit\u00e1nii nesm\u00ed hladina olova p\u0159es\u00e1hnout hodnotu 0,2 mg\/l. Tento t\u011b\u017ek\u00fd kov se m\u016f\u017ee dostat do piva nap\u0159\u00edklad ze star\u00e9ho v\u00fd\u010depn\u00edho veden\u00ed, kde se pou\u017e\u00edvalo olov\u011bn\u00fdch trubic. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed olov\u011bn\u00fdch n\u00e1dob a olov\u011bn\u00e9ho veden\u00ed ji\u017e v t\u00e9to dob\u011b naprosto nep\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9. Slou\u010deniny olova pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 ve skl\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu se rozpou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed p\u0159i teplot\u00e1ch 1500 oC, co\u017e  znemo\u017e\u0148uje pr\u016fniku t\u011bchto slou\u010denin do piva ze sklenic p\u0159i pokojov\u00e9 teplot\u011b. V pivu se vyskytuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1,6 \u03bcg\/kg.<br \/>\nc) \t\u017delezo.<br \/>\n\u017delezo m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt obsa\u017eeno ji\u017e ve vod\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 k va\u0159en\u00ed piva jako prim\u00e1rn\u00ed kontaminace. Toto \u017eelezo je v\u0161ak odstra\u0148ov\u00e1no chemickou oxidac\u00ed s n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm odfiltrov\u00e1n\u00edm nerozpustn\u00e9ho hydroxidu na p\u00edskov\u00e9m filtru. D\u00e1le se m\u016f\u017ee \u017eelezo dostat do piva sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed kontaminac\u00ed tzn. P\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm kontaktem piva nebo meziproduktu p\u0159i jeho v\u00fdrob\u011b s \u017eelezn\u00fdmi nebo ocelov\u00fdmi n\u00e1dobami.<br \/>\nd) \tKadmium.<br \/>\nKadmium se m\u016f\u017ee dostat do piva z nov\u011b instalovan\u00e9ho nerezov\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nebylo pasivov\u00e1no. V pivu se vyskytuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 0,2 \u03bcg\/kg.<br \/>\ne) \tDal\u0161\u00ed t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 kov.<br \/>\n: Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 hodnoty v\u00fdskytu dal\u0161\u00edch t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch kov\u016f jsou: Chrom &#8211; 7,5 \u03bcg\/kg, Rtu\u0165 &#8211; m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 0,2 \u03bcg\/kg, Selen &#8211; 1,2 \u03bcg\/kg. Jestli\u017ee se v pivu vyskytuj\u00ed v\u0161echny tyto t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 kovy, tak to poukazuje na nekvalitn\u00ed zdroj vody.<\/p>\n<p>6.) \tMykotoxiny.<br \/>\nTyto nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 produkty pl\u00edsn\u00ed se mohou st\u00e1t kontaminac\u00ed je\u010dmene nebo suroga\u010dn\u00edch surovin ji\u017e b\u011bhem zr\u00e1n\u00ed na poli nebo po sklizen\u00ed b\u011bhem skladov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i vlhkosti p\u0159evy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed 12%. B\u011bhem pivovarsk\u00e9ho procesu se prov\u00e1d\u00ed n\u011bkolik purifika\u010dn\u00edch proces\u016f, kter\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161inou usmrt\u00ed pl\u00edsn\u011b a zni\u010d\u00ed jejich produkty. Z mnoha m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed se v\u017edy vyskytlo n\u011bkolik vzork\u016f kontaminovan\u00fdch n\u011bkter\u00fdm druhem mykotoxin\u016f (p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Ochratoxin A, 12, 13 &#8211; Epoxytricothecenes, Zearalenone&#8230;). Obsah t\u011bchto slou\u010denin byl v\u011bt\u0161inou v hygienick\u00fdch limitech, ale i nepatrn\u00fd v\u00fdskyt mykotoxin\u016f m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt vliv na chu\u0165 a v\u016fni piva a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na tzv. p\u0159ep\u011b\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed (gushing).<\/p>\n\n<p>7.) \tDusi\u010dnany, dusitany, nitrosaminy.<br \/>\nZ\u00e1kladn\u00edm zdrojem dusi\u010dnan\u016f v pivu je voda a chmelov\u00fd extrakt. Rmutovac\u00ed voda by nem\u011bla obsahovat v\u00edce jak 10 mg\/l dusi\u010dnan\u016f, a\u010dkoliv WHO (sv\u011btov\u00e1 zdravotnick\u00e1 organizace) toleruje 40 mg\/l a hygienick\u00e9 limity n\u011bkter\u00fdch zem\u00ed dovoluj\u00ed a\u017e 50 mg\/l. Z mnoha m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vych\u00e1z\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 hladina dusi\u010dnan\u016f v pivu okolo 34 mg\/l. Dusi\u010dnany m\u016f\u017eou b\u00fdt redukov\u00e1ny na dusitany, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017eou p\u016fsobit jako nitrosa\u010dn\u00ed \u010dinidla. Tato redukce m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zp\u016fsobena mikroorganismy, enzymy nebo kontaminuj\u00edc\u00edmi slo\u017ekami.<\/p>\n<p>8.) \tPesticidy, fungicidy, herbicidy.<br \/>\nDo piva se m\u016f\u017eou dostat stovky t\u011bchto nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch slou\u010denin z v\u00fdchoz\u00edch surovin a to jak z je\u010dmene a chmele, tak i z podzemn\u00ed vody a surog\u00e1t\u016f. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee pivovarsk\u00fd proces je ve sv\u00e9 podstat\u011b dekontamina\u010dn\u00ed proces, tak byly nalezeny velmi n\u00edzk\u00e9 hodnoty t\u011bchto l\u00e1tek ve v\u00fdsledn\u00fdch produktech. Nap\u0159.: pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd obsah halogenovan\u00fdch uhlovod\u00edk\u016f byl ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 2 \u03bcg\/l.<\/p>\n<p>9.) \tBenzpyren.<br \/>\nObsah t\u00e9to l\u00e1tky byl sledov\u00e1n v mnoha vzorc\u00edch a vyskytoval se v men\u0161\u00edch koncentrac\u00edch ne\u017e 0,006 \u03bcg\/l.<\/p>\n<p>10.) \tRadioaktivn\u00ed l\u00e1tky.<br \/>\nPivo nep\u0159edstavuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 nebezpe\u010d\u00ed z hlediska radioaktivn\u00ed kontaminace. N\u011bkolik studi\u00ed dosp\u011blo k t\u011bmto hodnot\u00e1m: obsah cesia 134, cesia 137, jodu 131 byl ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 0,3 Bq\/l.<\/p>\n<p>autor: Milan Starec,2007<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ve t\u0159et\u00edm d\u00edle popisu nutri\u010dn\u00edch vlastnosti piva budete obezn\u00e1men\u00ed s tzv.negativn\u00edmi slo\u017eky piva, tedy l\u00e1tkami, je\u017e na n\u00e1s, konzumuj\u00edc\u00edm chmelov\u00fd mok, p\u016fsob\u00ed neblaze. Z hlediska obsahu cizorod\u00fdch l\u00e1tek a chemick\u00fdch rezidu\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed pivo k&#46;&#46;&#46;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":146346,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":9,"footnotes":""},"categories":[218],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-82706","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-o-pivu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/82706","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=82706"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/82706\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/146346"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=82706"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=82706"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pivovary.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=82706"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}